Robin Hood Case Analysis and Strategy Recommendations

ROBIN HOOD Case Analysis and Strategy Recommendations Case Analysis Robin Hood and his band of Merrymen is the subject of this case study. In this study I found, Robin Hood’s main problem was the increasing size of his band. Initially, he had hoped that strength lay in numbers and the more Merry men he had, the better it would be for him to effectively fight against the sheriff’s administration. He did not put enough thought into curbing the number of people being recruited.The dilemma occurred when the increasing number of men had made the band a corporation. The more men were recruited into the organization, the less face to face interaction Robin had encountered with each of his men. This would make it hard for him to enforce rules and regulations using his old ways because vigilance was not present with the new recruits. Moreover, the capacity to fund the increasing number of people became very scarce. Supplies needed to be obtained from outlaying villages. This is a very clear consequence of any expanding organization.A formal structure needed to be enforced and a chain of executive party needed to be established so as to monitor the increased number of people in the organization. The initial mission of the band, â€Å"Rob the rich and give to the poor† was no longer effective to the band. The funds obtained from the outright confiscation of the rich were no longer accommodating the increasing number of the people in the band. The mission statement had to be revised to accommodate the changing ways of the organization.New strategies also need to be introduced to meet the fund requirements of the band. Moreover, there needed to be a revision to the objectives of the band so as to limit the number of people being recruited. This, in my opinion, is a primary concern that needs attention. Robin Hood’s proposal to run a policy of adopting a fixed transit tax to whomever passed through the Sherwood Forest seems feasible but the Merrym en’s concern of jeopardizing the allies’ support in their fight against the Sheriff is also relevant.Recommendations In my opinion, Robin Hood’s first priority should be to appropriate structure and organization in the band. He needs to allot someone in charge of curbing the number of new recruits and seek other ways of finding provisions for his men. Once all this is done, he needs to take the great risk of assisting the barons in their mission to rescue King Richard and restore back in power. By doing so, Robin will have gotten his revenge and will not have to require the band’s presence any longer.

Chicago public schools

Although the ex president George Bush said popular quote† No child left behind†, hat is happening in the Chicago Public schools is exactly the opposite. Even if every kid is given the opportunity to go to school some are being given a better education. This essay will argue that the kids that are not getting a good education are the ones that according to Jean Anyone, a professor of education policy at the university of New York, come from a † blue collar family (Anyone 169).The schools that are In wealthy communities are better than those that are In the poor communities because they are given a better education and they live in a safer learning environment. The schools that are in wealthy communities are better than those that are in the poor communities because they have better teaching methods and resources (Anyone 172). In the essay † From Social Class and the Hidden Curriculum of Work, † by Jean Anyone, he describes the deference between a † working- class school† and an † executive elite school†.The working-class school consists of parents that have blue- collar Jobs such as, factory workers, pipe welders, and malignant workers (Anyone 170). These Jobs do not require much skill other than following orders given by their employers. Students that attend this type of school are taught to follow the steps of procedures without any decision making because they are being tracked to follow the footsteps of their parents (Anyone 169).For example from the essay † Class in America† by Gregory Manumits, the profile of Cheryl Mitchell shows that she went to a large public school that was patrolled by security guards in Brooklyn, New York (Mantis 309). She was taught basic skills and was conveyed the importance of doing everything under someone else's orders. Her parents both worked blue collard Jobs ND she is currently working as a nurse's aide, which puts her in that same category as them (Mantis 309 ). Her ambition as a little girl was to become a teacher and now her ambition at the age of 38 is † to get out of the ghetto†.On the opposing side an executive elite school Is one that primarily consists of parents that are top executives such as vice-presidents, governors, industrialist, and mayors (Anyone 172). These types of schools require the students to work on their analytical Intellectual powers and to always ask for reasoning through a problem. This Is because these students are eyeing prepared to live a successful life were they too will become apart of the 0. 1 annually (Mantis 303). In the profile of Harold S.Browning, it shows that he went to an exclusive private school in Manhattan, New York. There he was given the finest educational preparation so he could become an owner of a business (Mantis 307). At age 38 he is the owner of his fathers company and living a luxurious life as a † leader in business† (Mantis 307). The comparison between the ed ucation of a child with parents from a blue collard Job and those with white collard Jobs goes to show hat all children are not getting the same education because of their family background.However many of the children that attend working class schools face many challenges that also affect their learning environment because of the neighborhoods that they live in. In the article † His Kind of Town†, by Von Dredge, the mayor of Chicago, Ram Emmanuel spent much of his childhood in a † prosperous† north shore suburb with his wife and three kids that are attending the finest private schools in Chicago. In the article † Update: Chicago School War† by Rob Bartlett , children that got their schools loses down by him live on the west and south side of the city in neighborhoods with high poverty and crime rates.The population of these areas of Chicago consists mainly of Hispanics and Blacks with blue collard Jobs (Bartlett). Most of Chicago homicides took p lace in the west and south side areas in 2012, were there is a high poverty rate ( Dredge). Also the murder rate in Chicago was the highest of the three largest U. S. Cities ( Dredge). From murders per every 100,000 residents, Chicago stood at 18. 6 percent. This left Los Angels and New York City behind with below 8 percent. The offenders were from 1 5 to 24 years old, 77% were black, 20% were Hispanic, and 3% were white (Dredge).Out of the 506 murders that took place in Chicago, 82% were shootings did not occur on the north side ( Dredge). This goes to show how dangerous it is to live in these areas of Chicago, however these children have no choice because it is all that their parents can afford. With the Mayor closing down their schools around their homes, children are now being forced to transfer to other schools, which puts them in greater risk of violence because they have to pass gang mandarins (Bartlett). However, one would hope that these children are only being sent to thes e schools to better their education.The reality of the matter is that they are being welcomed by schools that have similar teaching methods, testing scores, and with not enough resources (Bartlett). From the book Savage Inequalities by Jonathan Kola, a child's education that comes from a low-income family in the inner cities, like Chicago, is unequal to those that come from a richer family that is further out from Chicago. School funding in 988 to 1989 school year showed that the Niles Township High School was spending 9,371 dollars per student (Kola 236).However in the Chicago inner cities, students are being funded 5,265 dollars and that's on an average of all grade levels (Kola 236). The difference is more than four thousand dollars and it shows not only the lack of materials in the schools, but also the lack of proficient teachers. Textbooks that are needed in certain classes are not always used or are out of date because the school cannot afford to buy new ones (Kola 51). Since some of these schools can't afford the road for the students to copy into their notebooks (Anyone 174).Most of the teachers in the Chicago inner city schools are over the age of 60 ( Kola 51). This is because the salary that is offered to the young teachers is too low to keep them working there. Some of the older teachers don't show up to teach because they lack excitement for the subjects that they are teaching and ultimately because they are not getting paid enough (Kola 52). When they are asked why, they simply reply, † It makes no difference. Kids like these aren't going anywhere. The city thinks it's saving money on he substitutes.I tell them, Pay now or pay later. â€Å"(Koala 52) So the city relies on low paid substitutes that represent more than 25% of the teaching force (Kola 51). A 15 year old student from Du Sable high school, that is located on the south side of Chicago, says that he has been in a class a whole semester and the school still has not found a teache r for them ( Kola 52). Some high schools in the south side of Chicago even have two or three † study halls† where not much studying goes on (Kola 53). This is because the schools save the cost of teachers by doing this.Many f the classroom sizes are 30 to 36 students per room and the question is, â€Å"how could a teacher accommodate all of these students (Bartlett)? † Well they can't, the teachers risk the chance of having a child fall behind if they don't understand. The teachers also have little or no one on one time with the students. Even if these events in this book took place mostly from 1988 to 1990, it shows that Chicago public schools have been falling apart a long time ago and as Kola puts it, † the rich get a richer quality of education while the poor get less real education (Koala 54).However in the recent years a new type of school has been introduced that would give parents a third choice to decide from, these are called Charter Schools. There is no real solution to the problem that is going on in the Chicago public schools but there now exists another choice for parents that don't want their children to attend a public school nor private if they can't afford it. According to an article from the Chicago Tribune, † Voice of the People,† charter schools are schools that operate similar to a private school however they operate with public money.These schools et their own curriculum, teaching methods and selection of students that get into the school. It is said in the same article that † The Thirst for Charter Schools† is growing every year more (Voice of the people). In 1996, the first charter school opened in Chicago and now there is 132 campuses operating under 58 charters (The thirst for charter schools). The president of the Illinois Network of Charter Schools, Andrew Brow, says that there are 19,000 students waiting for a charter school slot to open and currently 2. Million students are attendi ng a charter school (The thirst for harder schools). However, Just because there is now a third choice to choose from for parents and there children, it does not erase the solid fact that America has to first fix their public schools and neighborhoods with high poverty rates in order to have victory with the charter schools. This is because if in the later future charter schools continue to grow and take over public schools, then slowly they too will start to fail, since it was a problem that was never truly resolved from the core of the problem.The history of the battle over the Chicago public schools is a problem that has entry because of the numerous schools that were closed in the Chicago south and west areas (Bartlett). These footsteps however, are being followed by other states and the problem over who is getting a better education is occurring all over America. There will always be a producer and a consumer Just like their will always be rich and poor people (Anyone 169). Unf ortunately, in America if a child's parents have blue collard Jobs and live in an area with violence and high poverty rates than they have little chance of getting the best education they could receive.When George Bush said† no child left behind†, he forgot to add, † If you have the money to stay ahead†. Work Cited Anyone, Jean. † From Social Class and the Hidden Curriculum of Work† Rereading America: De. Gary Colombo, Robert Culled, and Bonnie Lisle. Boston: Bedford of SST. Martin's, 2010. 169-185. Print I decided to use this source because it had many connections to the problem with why some kids are getting better education than other. Bartlett, Rob. † Update: Chicago School War† Against the Current 28. 3(2013): 6 Academic Search complete. Web. 22 April.

My Criminal Behavior Survey

1. If research were to significantly indicate that the tendency to commit crime is inherited, what should be done about or for the children of violent criminals? If research were to indicate the tendency to commit crime is inherited it would change our government significantly. A huge upheaval regarding rights of the citizens would take place. In foreign countries (population control) would be the only answer to control tendency from literally controlling the population. Children of violent criminals should be placed with family members whenever possible.Children may also need some type of therapy. Programs should be set up to monitor these children. Over the past century it has been cropped that the debate of nature verses nurture is an issue. 2. What programs should society implement and why? Programs should be implemented for our children’s needs. Children may need help from psychiatry and a social worker to help them with their problems. Our children’s needs should be kept in mind at all times to teach them good things in life. Children should be educated on how to live a better life, a crime free life.Programs to promote sports and self-confidence for children teach them how to have a better life. Our children deserve a good life. 3. What would be the social, policy, and ethical implications? Social and policy implications would be the guidelines, activities and principles that affect the living conditions of human welfare. They deal with the social issues within the public. Ethical implications would be the mortality that is implied by social issues and the policies. The ethical implications may be that children may follow in their parent’s footsteps. References www. google. com www. chacha. com www. weegy. com

Woolworths group plc operations in terms of management and leadership Essay

Woolworths group plc operations in terms of management and leadership - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that the need for developing leaders and managers evolved long time ago. Since then, an increasing range of approaches with different interventions has developed some focusing on the education of managers, others on training and development skills, behavioral elements of roles and others on holistic approaches to personal development within the workplace. The array of methods and interventions are still growing along with different types of developers ranging from in-house generalists, educational institutions and to externally outsourced experts. However, the intervention used must be appropriate to the environment and individuals willing to learn. Leadership and management development is still growing immensely within organizations and often in isolation from the HRM and other personnel. While there may be reasons for the isolation, it is important that there exists a link between major human resource management and development areas. In addition, the functions should be able to contribute to and be part of business strategic planning to secure the company’s future senior leaders and managers. Leadership and management development involves the development of individuals and of company’s capacity in respects of operational, goal achievement, trust/direction dimensions. The report looks at the operations of Woolworths Group plc, to examine its leadership and management strategies to give us an understanding of where it failed and how it can revive itself again.

Week 6 Assignment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Week 6 Assignment - Research Paper Example Business practices differ from one state to another based on the company culture in the respective countries. The appreciation of a county’s entrepreneurial culture and hierarchy allows smooth running of commercial activities devoid of unethical circumstances. There are multiple challenges associated with ethics in global business; however, there are various roles that standards plays in the same setting. This paper seeks to examine the need and the importance of establishing a global set of ethical standards, the history and growth of international ethical standards, as well as the challenges that governing bodies face. The accounting field is a constantly growing and changing industry. Accounting was regarded an area with high ethical standards until recently. The business world has recently experienced high profile failures through unethical behavior. Conducting business internationally may cause numerous ethical concerns. Some of the ethical issues are corruption, diverse cultures and customs, human rights, and different working environments. The economy of today is becoming globally smaller; for this reason, corporate institutions across the globe are becoming co-dependent on one another on local and international viewpoint. For instance, labor, information technology, raw materials, and finance. The American Institute of Certified Public Accountants draws the behaviors within the United States during the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC), outlines international ethical standards and practices. The principle of one ethics system requires the understanding of the ideologies and operations of both standards bodies as well as similarities amid them. The AICPA is an American based professional organization for certified accountants. The key objective is this institution is to provide sufficient resources, set professional and ethical standards to certified public accounting

Comment Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Comment Paper - Essay Example guns can be acquired by the people may even require a constitutional amendment that perhaps takes away the right or modifies it in a manner which makes it essentially impossible for the layperson to own a gun. However, constitutional amendments have been used quite infrequently by the government since changing the constitution is not something any government would undertake as a light task. As discussed by Gavrilovic (2008), even the greatest supporters of gun control i.e. the Democratic Party have often balked at the idea of changing the constitutional right to bear arms. This constitutional right granted by the second amendment was upheld by the Supreme Court in District of Columbia v. Heller in 2008. What can be changed are the laws concerning guns which can help put limits on the number of guns a person can have and the requirements they must meet before they can buy a gun. While we already have in place requirements created by The Gun Control Act of 1968 and others such as background checks, felony and conviction checks we might even add psychological profiling to the process by which guns would not be sold to anyone who is likely to be a homicidal maniac. Of course, gun control itself is an issue which can be debated since individuals who want guns may acquire them illegally if they have to, particularly when it comes to the criminal element in a given society. To bring about changes to the law itself, pressure groups, think tanks and social organizations such as the Brady Campaign, Coalition to Stop Gun Violence and the Joyce Foundation which focus on the issues of violence, crime, gun control and related issues need to be recruited (Marks, 2007). These can provide the assistance needed by a local community or a group that seeks to have gun control in society. The assistance can come in the form of raising awareness, setting an agenda for debate or even supporting candidates who plan to establish gun control once they are in power. The best way to support

Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 7

Assignment - Essay Example The directors can get an external expert to help in their deliberations (Melbinger 7). The board of directors who are making the executive pay decisions should consist of individuals who are able to reflect diverse viewpoints, but they should be too many. This will enable the directors to consider different options and choose from the best one. The right number of board members in the executive payment committee should also know what is required of them and be ready to do the right thing. They should be afraid to make decisions which touch on the company’s executives, as long as their decisions are in the best interests of the company as a whole (Reda, Reifler and Thatcher 5). The Social Security Act of 1935 was passed during President Roosevelt’s first term as part of his New Deal program. The Act was passed in the back drop of rising poverty and unemployment levels after the Great Depression. The Act was drafted to take care of the needs of those mostly affected by the financial crisis at the time. These people included: the poor, the unemployed, widows, fatherless children and orphans (Attarian 85). According to Attarian, wage and salary workers who were under the age of 65 and employed in commerce and industry sectors within the US were covered in this act. However, domestic workers in private homes, agricultural laborers, casual laborers, ship crew members and officers, Federal Government employees, individuals working in state and local governments, NGO employees and those who were self employed were could not enjoy the benefits of this act

Business Process Integration Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Business Process Integration - Coursework Example In fact, the Internet offers the businesses a lot of opportunities to grow. It allows the businesses to reach the international markets and the worldwide customers without facing geographical restrictions and cost issues, improve business service and support, access to worldwide communications, reform associations, streamline internal procedures, share private data and information and run applications (Simpande & Jakovljevic, 2003; Norton, 2001; Shelly et al., 2005) Basically, the most excellent method to deal with determined business software issues is to remove the old stuff and bring in the innovation. In spite of the demand to put extra messes on the legacy or traditional enterprise resource planning (ERP) technology based system and keep the software applications and projects for another day, the idea is that software technology evolves very quickly as well as innovative EP tools emerges in critical regions like that accessibility, corporate process automation, business intellig ence and integration with new tools like that social CRM or mobile devices can help business organizations to improve their business processes. In this scenario, the latest delivery models like that software as a service (or simply SaaS), hosted Enterprise Resource Planning or innovative technologies like that open source ERP systems can dramatically change IT procedures as well as positively influence corporate performance. Though, latest business software applications and their deployments are for all time a major concern, however they come with a wide variety of risks, mainly when we are talking about our ERP systems. In addition, they are not small systems as they are corporate mission critical technologies that communicate nearly with each transaction in the corporation (gotERP, 2012; Weston, 1998; Simpande & Jakovljevic, 2003). In light of the above discussed facts, the selection of suitable Enterprise Resource Planning system is no longer simply a matter of choosing the corre ct vendor similar to SAP vs Microsoft vs. Sage etc. In the past, there was a standard process to get business licenses for software and then obtain the software services installation disks via email. On the other hand, at the present, we have a wide variety of delivery models of ERP technology. In addition, all the models do not support all the services however the majority can focus simply on one (gotERP, 2012; Weston, 1998; Simpande & Jakovljevic, 2003). In this scenario, one of the latest Internet supported ERP systems is cloud computing. Basically, the cloud computing is a most latest information technology fashion that many business organizations are adopting because of its environmental aspects, money savings, mobility, scalability and energy effectiveness. Basically, the cloud computing allows organizations or individuals to access all their tools, applications and files from anyplace on the earth, as a result releasing them from the limitations of the desktop and allowing wi despread group partnership (Modavi, 2010; Miller, 2009). In addition, a public cloud based ERP solution is possessed and remotely hosted by the vendor. In many cases, instead of taking the license for the entire software, organizations pay a fee for the services they want to use, it is a software licensing model known as SaaS. In this scenario,

Motivation Techniques in Workforce Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 9

Motivation Techniques in Workforce - Case Study Example Big Ray’s company is supposed to have good human resource policies (Bernanke 23). It gives fair treatment to all employees and has a no-layoff policy. It is recommended that the human resource managers be motivating their employees to be more productive by offering incentives. The incentives include a medical cover, gifts etc.   There is a need for Big Ray’s company to promote a team spirit where everyone in the organization is made to believe that they â€Å"are in this thing together† (Bernanke 25). This will apply to all managers and employees. Great things will be achieved when people work together.   Communication problems are supposed to be resolved in order to enhance loyalty. Lack of communication is interpreted by employees as not caring. Open and frequent communication with employees at Big Ray’s company will build trust and diminishes fear. Communication is important because employees will air their grievances and make suggestions. This is important at the Big Ray’s company because of the nature of the job. This should be maintained because it boosts the morale of workers.   Motivation is important in any work because it increases job performance (Bernanke 27). Employees who are motivated to work by being given bonuses increase their output than their counterparts who are not given bonuses, financial incentives etc.   Employees work well in an environment that is free of too much noise and health hazards. For example, the area where the materials at Big Ray’s company is handled, cut and processed is loud and dangerous. This is supposed to be reduced in order to compete with their competitors who offer good working conditions to their employees.

First native women Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

First native women - Essay Example The basis for Lavell and Bedard for their claim of discrimination was how Aboriginal women would lose their Indian status when a non-Indian or a non-registered Indian married them. In addition, it meant that Lavell’s children would be deprived of their Indian status. Lavell argued that Section 12 (1) (b) discriminated the women gender, and the sections should be repealed, in relation to the 1960 Bill of Rights (5). Lavell’s case was the first that dealt with discrimination because of sex. Because of these discriminatory sections, many Indian women were denied their heritage, and not by the will, but because of an archaic law. Lavell did not like how the acts that were set to govern the Indian reserves were being operated, whereby it stated who is not and who is acknowledged as an Indian. Lavell was furious about how the Indian Act allowed the male Indian, who happened to marry out retained their status and were able to pass it on to their non-Indian wives and to their c hildren. The male Indian wives, even though they sometimes did not have First Nation ancestry; they were entitled to full status. The result of the discriminatory sections was the practical ostracism of more than ninety thousand women, their children and their spouses from their societies and traditional homelands (Lavell 7). It caused great emotional, psychological and economic suffering to the affected people. Lavell was not pleased with this outcome because when she married she was sent a notice submitting that she was no longer identified as an Indian as stated in Section 12 (1) (b) of the Indian Act. It is because she was a no native who had married David Lavell a native. These grave effects for enfranchised First Nation women made Lavell go to court to challenge the Indian Act. Lavell’s claim was supported by Bedard, who joined her in 1973 when she appealed for her case after losing it at trial. Lavell had lost her case on the basis that the Canadian Bill of right

Political Parties in the New Era Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Political Parties in the New Era - Essay Example Many studies have shown that the Political Parties of today have changed significantly in the past few decades, both in industrialized countries and in the developing nations (third world countries). The changes have inadvertently resulted in the weakening of connections between citizens and the state, however, there remains widespread consensus that political parties are essential elements in democratic societies. A statement made 50 years ago by E.E. Schattschneider was that, "Political parties created democracy and that modern democracy is unthinkable save in terms of parties. As a matter of fact, the condition of parties is the best evidence of the nature of any regime. The most important distinction between democracy and dictatorship can be made in terms of party politics. The parties are not therefore Recently, Alan Ware viewed political parties as pervasive elements in contemporary societies saying that, "In contemporary states it is difficult to imagine there being politics without political parties. Indeed, in only two kinds of states today are parties absent. First, there are a few small, traditional societies, especially in the Persian Gulf, that are still ruled by the families who were dominant in the region they control long before the outside world recognized them as independent states. Then there are those regimes in which parties and party activities have been banned; these regimes are run either by the military or by authoritarian rulers who have the support of the military."2 In consonance thereto, here are some prevailing views made by some of the participants in a conference convened by the National Endowment for Democracy's International Forum for Democratic Studies where in attendance were many of the world's leading political parties scholars and practitioners held in Washington DC to "Address the Current and Future Prospects of Political Parties." One of the prevailing views made as articulated by Juan Linz stating that," Today, in all countries of the world, there is no alternative to political parties in the establishment of democracy. No form of nonparty representation that has been advocated has ever produced a democratic government. Thus we are faced with a world of democracies based on parties." However, there were conflicting views made in the same forum to the effect that political parties are necessary for democratic development. Phillipe Schmitter on his part provided the most critical statement saying that, " Political parties are not what they used to be. They no longer structure electoral choices as clearly and decisively, command citizen attachments as passionately, form distinctiveness, or aggregate interests as widely and explicitly as they once did. Clearly, political parties everywhere, both in the industrialized countries and in the developing world, are becoming less and less able to Serapio 3 perform these core functions. In short, they are no longer indispensable for the consolidation and perpetuation of democracy." In view of the foregoing facts let us now analyze

U.S. television networks Essay Example for Free

U.S. television networks Essay Television is nowadays one of the most popular sources of information, so there is a number of networks, participating in the market competition and thus remaining sensitive to the audience’s beliefs and preferences; at the same time they to great extent shape the needs and culture of the population. The present paper argues that the popularity of a television network greatly depends upon its autonomy and ability to both combine creation and broadcast of a TV-product, as well as upon its rejection and deconstruction of the objective reality, which the target audience is likely to criticize, for the purpose of weaving an alternative world, dominated by the key values of the potential consumers. In her article, Johnson touches briefly the institutional structure and underlying economics of CBS and PAX-TV, high-rated and extremely popular networks, which seek to provide uniform TV-products around the country; moreover, they are also similar in their business approach: â€Å"Both networks share strikingly similar business strategies, branding appeals, the same flagship programs produced by Martha Williamson [†¦]† (Johnson, 2004, p.404). Whereas CBS has quite a democratic and friendly slogan, PAX-TV states its mission in quite religious terms; however, both networks are established by media magnates with orientation to pious audiences, so they share their programming content freely. However, there is also one non-commercial network called PBS, which positions itself as non-profit and thus does not own any broadcasting stations; as a result, it cannot reach the desirable uniformity of broadcasting CBS and PAX-TV demonstrate. According to Meehan Byars, two decades ago, there began a tendency for large companies’ ownership of TV channels; these corporations often engaged with the creation of their own TV-products like films and shows, so they were becoming increasingly more autonomous in the selection of the information to broadcast. Furthermore, the advent and popularization of commercial cable television allowed these large TV-industry players to ensure they had a stable group of loyal consumers (Meehan Byars, 2004, p. 92).   As opposed to this obvious integration of channels into large companies, it is possible to exemplify the abovementioned PBS, coordinated by several non-profit organizations, which seek to provide free and independent broadcasting.   Johnson observes that the audiences of CBS and PAX-TV are composed mainly of conservative, family-oriented middle-class and working-class Americans, who believe in God and greatly value conversations on religious topics. The owners of the two networks assume that the existing American culture is not fully tolerable by Americans themselves, especially by the older generation, and therefore seek an alternative reality, primarily through programming and display of movies and shows based upon idyllic pastoral and religious themes. As it has been mentioned above, CBS and PAX-TV have quite friendly or â€Å"peaceful’ slogans, which they used as promos in broadcasting; this turn seems likable to the conservative audience. Both networks tend to focus on nuclear family values, affiliation to Christianity and material well-being or ability to provide for oneself (Johnson, 2004, pp.406-407). Meehan and Byars take a little different approach and state that Lifetime has gradually shaped itself as a liberal feminist channel and â€Å"seized† in the 1980s a new audience, independent females with white-collar jobs (Meehan Byars, 2004, p. 94). One of the most powerful tools of reaching the target group was the creation and display of the company’s own films, dedicated to the occupational and interpersonal issues in working women’s life: â€Å"Both The Good Fight and Shame illustrated Lifetime’s operational definition of â€Å"television for women† during the emergent period† (Meehan Byars, 2004, p.96). Further, the network began to employ the characters of female officers, detectives and FBA agents, so there appeared the first female superheroes. The product was conceptually novel and thus met a fully expected response, the group’s adherence to Lifetime. In the present day, this segmentation has become even more obvious: for instance, there are networks for minority groups, such as Galavision and Telefutura, developing networks for children like Qubo and ThinkBright and specialized sports networks for those men who prefer to receive comprehensive sports news without switching between channels. However, the abovementioned companies use much simpler tools of spread amongst the target audience, including language (native to the minority group), interesting intellectual games and scientific problems for minors and focus on soccer and baseball most American men are interested in. Both articles, being addressed in the paper, identify a set of values the networks communicate for the purpose of obtaining their target viewers. In particular, CBS and PAX-TV broadcast explicit stories about self-sufficient and mature people, who dedicate themselves to their family and career; moreover, Johnson asserts the importance of â€Å"middleness† (Johnson, 2004, p. 408), which means both the corresponding geographic location and politically neutral views, which reconcile the right and the left. Conservatism as valuable by itself is often communicated through showing global and American cultural anomalies and positioning the traditional, time-honored lifestyle as a way of avoiding problems and succeeding in social life and work. In addition, order to achieve the admiration of â€Å"ordinary Americans†, CBS and PAX-TV also rely heavily upon the American dream, or realization of all dimensions of life through hard work and observance of religious principles; for this purpose, they include the â€Å"true† TV-stories about modest self-made Americans. The â€Å"telefeminist† network, in order to maintain customer loyalty, nowadays also orients to such values as love, family, as opposed to female strength, stressed in the early 1990s (Meehan and Byars, 2004, p.102). Intrafamilial harmony also becomes the emphasis in Lifetime’s films, which depict the peaceful coexistence of the couple of professionals, genuinely motivated for their job, but also interested in preserving their marriage and family as a source of support. However, it is possible to exemplify an alternative strategy, which can be categorized as â€Å"broadening of focus†, which consists in the attempt to respond the questions most Americans ask to themselves. For instance, ABC frequently broadcasts reality series (e.g. â€Å"Lost†) to define the degree to which a person might change under the new or stressful conditions; however, such TV-product also implicitly reveals the importance of the American dream and value of a self-made personality, capable of resisting real-life challenges. Works cited Johnson, V. â€Å"CBS, PAX-TV, and â€Å"heartland† values in a neo-network era†. In The Television Studies Reader, edited by Robert C.Allen and Annette Hill. Routlege, 2004, pp. 403-416. Meehan, E. and Byars, J. â€Å"Telefeminism. How Lifetime Got Its Groove, 1984 -1997†. In The Television Studies Reader, edited by Robert C.Allen and Annette Hill. Routlege, 2004, pp. 92-104.

Factors in the Ethical Codes in Research

Factors in the Ethical Codes in Research Second Draft of Training Materials Tiffany Stewart The Ethical Principles are part of the Ethics Code that psychologists follow when practicing. One area of psychology that will be discussed throughout this paper is counseling. The ethical principles will be defined as well as an example of an ethical dilemma that goes against each principle in counseling.There are five ethical principles that need to be followed when practicing professional psychology. These five ethical principles are beneficence and nonmaleficence, fidelity and responsibility, integrity, justice, and respect for people’s rights and dignity. Principle A: Beneficence and Nonmaleficence Beneficence and nonmaleficence can be described as doing good and avoiding harm (Fisher, 2013). Doing good in counseling can be providing services to clients/patients that will benefit them. These services can be treatments that will help the individual with a disorder or deal with problems that occur in their life. Avoiding harm to clients/patients in counseling can be making sure the individuals are being diagnosed accurately, and providing treatment that will benefit them for years to come. Principle A Ethical Dilemmas An ethical dilemma that would go against beneficence and nonmaleficence is a treatment program that will not provide positive side effects. The program might help the client/patient in the beginning but end up with negative side effects. An example of this is a client/patient is diagnosed with depression. The psychologist thinks it would be a good idea for the individual to talk to their doctor about getting on an antidepressant. The antidepressant is helping the individual to not be as depressed, but her sex drive drops. Now the client is feeling depressed again because, she does not have that particular bond with her spouse anymore. Another ethical dilemma is a client (Anna) that was seeing a counselor (Dr. Smith) for depression emails her two years later. Anna states that her partner has been going through depression and is having issues with other counselors. Since Anna could trust Dr. Smith, she thinks it would be a good idea for her partner to see this counselor. Dr. Smith is not certain if she should see her partner since Anna used to be a client (Fisher, 2013, p.358). Principle B: Fidelity and Responsibility The second principle fidelity and responsibility is defined as being loyal and making sure psychologists are keeping promises to their clients/patients (Brown Newman, 1992). This means that psychologists need to build a trust with their clients or their coworkers and keep trust by being professional. Principle B Ethical Dilemmas An ethical dilemma that goes against fidelity and responsibility is a psychologist not being confidential with client/patient’s information. An example of this is telling coworkers personal information about the client. Unless the client is harming themselves or another, the information being told to the psychologist needs to be confidential between the two. The trust is also broken between the psychologist and the client when information is told to others that can lead to major consequences like being sued or the psychologist losing their license. A second ethical dilemma that goes against Principle B would be a drug abuse counselor shares information with her colleagues about her son’s drinking problem in college. She asks them for advice on occasion on what she should do about the problem (Fisher, 2013, p. 106). Principle C: Integrity The third ethical principle, integrity, helps psychologist to be honest, accurate and truthful in practicing psychology (Bodner, 2012). This can focus on a psychologist’s work in not cheating or stealing other people’s work and making it theirs. Psychologists also need to be aware of deception can be used in experiments. When deception is included in experiments, the researchers need to make sure that harm is avoided. Principle C Ethical Dilemmas An ethical dilemma that goes against integrity in counseling is a psychologist gives out information that is not accurate. This could be changing the title of their job on their business card or on their website even though that is not what they got their degree in. This gives false information to individuals that are looking for a particular counselor. In addition to the first ethical dilemma under this principle is a psychologist finds out his patient does not have insurance but her daughter does. He decides to help her out and bill the insurance company under the daughter’s policy (Fisher, 2013, p. 193). Principle D: Justice The fourth principle, justice, is to treat people fair and equal. This involves using the appropriate treatments that fit the needs of clients/patients (Fisher, 2013). Psychologists also need to remember that they cannot be biased when it comes to treating patients. Principle D Ethical Dilemmas An ethical dilemma that goes against justice could be that psychologist decides to provide a shorter treatment for a single mother that does not make a lot of money. The psychologist has never done this before but knows the mother cannot afford the cost of the normal treatment time. The second ethical dilemma that goes against Principle D is a school psychologist considered certain factors, including age and language to help determine where to place children in educational recommendations (Fisher, 2013, p. 92). Principle E: Respect for People’s Rights and Dignity The fifth principle, respect for people’s rights and dignity, remind psychologists to give respect to the people that they work with as well as knowing that the people that they work with have rights (Lowman, 2005). These rights involve knowing their personal information is confidential and being informed of information to help them understand what is going on in the experiments they are involved in. Principle E Ethical Dilemmas An ethical dilemma that can bring problems with the fifth principle is if a psychologist has problems with a homosexual client/patient. The psychologist decides to work with a client that is homosexual. After a few sessions, the client states that he is starting to have feelings for the psychologists. The clinical psychologist no longer felt he could help the client and decides to send him to another psychologist without explanation (Lowman, 2005). Another ethical dilemma would be a counselor informing the parents that their child has attention deficient disorder on the first session. The psychologist would base this information by just observing the child instead of appropriately diagnosing the child (Fisher, 2013, p.268). These five ethical principles are defined to explain why counselors should follow them when practicing psychology. Two ethical dilemmas were provided for each principle to show what can happen when they are not being followed. It is important that counselors become familiar with the terms to avoid any possible consequences that can occur. References Bodner, K. E. (2012). Ethical Principles and Standards That Inform Educational Gatekeeping Practices in Psychology. Ethics Behavior, 22(1), 60-74. doi:10.1080/10508422.2012.638827 Brown, R. D., Newman, D. L. (1992). Ethical Principles and Evaluations Standards: Do They Match? Evolution Review, Vol. 16, No. 6, 650-663 Fisher, C. B. (2013). Decoding the ethics code: A practical guide for psychologists. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Lowman, R. L. (2005). Respect for Peoples Rights and Dignity. Journal Of Aggression, Maltreatment Trauma, 11(1/2), 71-77. doi:10.1300/J146v11n0106

Health Supplements: An analysis

Health Supplements: An analysis CHAPTER 1 The prevalence used of health supplements especially multivitamins and minerals in many developed counteries are widened eventhough their effectiveness is unclearly determined (Rock , 2007). Based on the data collected by National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2000, 52 percent of US adults reported taking a dietary supplement in the past month and 35 percent is reported on regular use of a multivitamin-multimineral product. Marketing data from Nutrition Business Journal of year 1997 till 2001 show a dramatic increase in supplement sales and estimated total approximately $ 18.8 billion in 2003. In Malaysia, according to the data published by Icon Health Publication from R D Committee at INSTEAD, the latent demand for vitamin and dietary supplement has growing increasing from year to year. Since the use of health supplements continues to expand in future, thus investigating of preliminary reason behind this trend is important. Supplement consumption usually occurs in the context of achieving or maintaining a healthy lifestyle. Several studies have been suggested that individuals might tend to use health supplements in order to compensate for unhealthy behaviours (Hilliam, 1996; Kirk et al., 1999; Radimer et al., 2000). One of the important reason that contribute to the increased use of health supplement is widely availability of these agents, in part because of the minimal regulatory requirements for safety and efficacy compared with regulatory requirements for drugs. Despite the fact that health supplements are not classified as drugs by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the 1994 Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act allows manufacturers to make claims intended to attract public opinion regarding the benefits on the use of these supplement products. Under DSHEA, product labels cannot claim to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease but it only claims to support the structure and function of the body.  [1]  Basically, consumption of health supplements can also be categorized as one of the type of c omplementary or alternative medicine (CAM). 1.2 Significance of the study Anecdotally, there is an increasing use of health supplements among Malaysian. However, relatively little is known about the patterns of use of health supplements among them. Therefore, there is a need for continued research in order to provide more knowledge related to the benefit of supplement use. To our knowledge, only one study conducted by International Medical University, has focused specifically on the usage and opinion among health sciences students on the dietary supplements. Eventhough usage of health supplement is prevalent but there are only a few published reports (Mazlan, 1990; Safiah, 2002). In parallel with the implementation of National Plan of Action for Nutrition II of Malaysia (NPANM), there is a need for continued research in order to investigate the use, attitudes and knowledge of health supplements among urban adults in Klang Valley which still represents the area with the highest prevalence of health supplements user in Malaysia. 1.3 Objectives The purpose of this study was to assess the use of health supplements among Malaysians urban adults . This study not only focused on herbal supplements but it also include functional foods, nutrient and botanical products available in the market. Besides, we like to determine whether attitudes are better predictor of adults intentions to use health supplements than are subjective norms. Last but not least is to assess knowledge concerning the safety of health supplements among urban adults. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Health supplement 2.1.1 Definition of health supplement Health supplement is a term that also commonly known as dietary supplement, nutraceutical supplement or nutritional supplement. Eventhough this term has been used interchangeably, but the meaning of them is still same. In early 1990s, a nutraceutical term was coined by Dr. Stephen DeFelice and it was defined concisely as any substance either food or a part of food. It has a wider range from specific diet, isolated nutrients, processed foods, dietary supplements to genetically modified foods and also include herbal products. It was intended to be use to provides health benefits to the end user (Barnett et al., 1996). Before year 1994, the health supplement was subjected to the same regulatory requirement as other food. However, in October 1994, the President Clinton was assigned a new act under FDA regulations that known as Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act. According to the DSHEA, dietary supplement is defined as a product that intended to be taken orally in order to supple ment the diet in which it contains a dietary ingredient. The dietary ingredients in these products may include vitamins, minerals, herbs or other botanicals, amino acids, and substances such as enzymes, organ tissues, glandulars and metabolites. It can also be extracts or concentrates, and may be found in many forms such as tablets, capsules, softgels, gelcaps, liquids or powders (U.S Food and Drug Administration, 1995). Whatever dosage form it is, this dietary ingredient is not considered as a drug. In case of a drug, it was subjected to undergo some procedures in order to be clinically proven safe to be used. However, dietary supplement was treated reverse to this way since that it was considered safe until proven unsafe. In addition, dietary ingredient could be used in dietary supplement without a need to get approval from FDA as food additive and generally recognised as safe (GRAS) ingredients (Susan Onel, 2005). Due to the minimal regulatory requirements of safety and its efficacy, therefore the health supplement become more widely available and this contributed to increase of its used (Bardia et al., 2007). However, in case of a new dietary ingredient present in the product then the manufacturers of dietary supplement must have to provide FDA with evidence by submission of the products safety data of at least 75 days prior to its release to the public. This dietary ingredient was considered as a new ones if it was not marketed in U.S before October 15, 1994 (Cohen, 2000). 2.1.2 Definition of health supplement user Generally, health supplement users are those healthy people who are seeking for supplements as a one of several alternatives for improving health (Sheldon Pelletier, 2003). In U.S, it has been estimated that approximately half of their adult population considered as users of health supplements (Robson et al., 2008 ; Radimer et al., 2004). A study done by Knudsen et al. in year 1997 to 1998 at two Danish cities was defined a health supplement user as a person who consumed at least one type of supplements within a period of time of the survey. Basically, Knudsen and his colleagues determined those supplement users based on their frequency intake. Result indicated that from 2758 of supplement users about 27 percent of them took more than one health supplement per day and twelve percent took three or more per day (Knudsen et al., 2002). In the present study persons who consumed any health supplement at least once in a year has been considered as dietary or health supplement users. In this study, they defined health supplement users into three groups which are daily user, weekly user and seldom user. The daily users are those who reported use of any health supplement once a day or more for the past 12 months whereas weekly users are those who reported use once a week or more but must be less than once a day for the past 12 months and seldom users are those people who reported use once a year or more but less than once a week for the past 12 months (Imai et al., 2006). 2.1.3 Types of health supplements With the increased in health awareness regarding the use of health supplements, the public is flooded by numerous health supplement products which are frequently advertised through the various media. Thus, there are many types of health supplements that have been practically used by the supplement user. 2.1.3.1 Vitamin Vitamin is a group of complex organic compounds that present in small amounts in natural foodstuffs which are play an essential role for the body to regulate normal metabolism and lack of which in the diet causes deficiency diseases (McDowell, 2000). Since vitamin can be found in daily food consumption thus for a normal healthy people intake of vitamin supplement is unnecessary. This is because overconsumption of certain vitamin such as vitamin A may lead to reversible Acute hypervitaminosis that occur after ingestion of more than or equal to 500,000 IU (over 100 times the RDA) by adults (Bendich Langseth, 1989). According to the survey done among 129 doctors working at hospitals in Kota Bharu, the results showed that the health supplements commonly used were multivitamins and minerals (92.3 percent) whereas prevalence used of vitamin C is 26.9 percent (Rohana Zulkifli, 2007). The types and usage patterns of health supplements used as shown in Table 2.1 Table 2.1 : Types and used patterns of health supplements among doctors Rank Supplement/s Regular users Sporadic users Total (%) 1 MVT plus minerals 14 1 15 (17.9) 2 Vitamin Bco 12 3 15 (17.9) 3 Vitamin C 10 1 11 (13.1) 4 Garlic 7 0 7 (8.3) 5 MVT only 5 1 6 (7.1) 6 Traditional 4 1 5 (6.0) 7 Lecithin 4 0 4 (4.8) 8 Prenatal vitamins 3 0 3 (3.6) 9 Vitamin E 3 0 3 (3.6) 10 Fish oil 2 1 3 (3.6) 11 Ginseng 2 1 3 (3.6) 12 Iron/Folic acid 2 0 2 (2.4) 13 Bee Pollen 1 1 2 (2.4) 14 Others 5 0 5 (6.0) TOTAL 74 10 84 (100.0) Source : Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine 2007, Vol. 7(1):60-63 2.1.3.2 Mineral Minerals are nonorganic substances found in all body tissues and fluids such as bones, teeth, brain, liver, muscle, blood and nerve cells. They are required in modest amounts for the maintenance of structural integrity of essential molecules and development of optimal physiological function (Lukaski, 1995). Since minerals cannot be synthesized by the body therefore they must be consumed through a healthy diet. Based on the data from the NILS-LSA done in Japan, about 55 percent of males and 61 percent of females were consumed some type of health supplements and revealed that calcium was the most popular mineral consumed by both sexes ( Imai et al., 2006). In addition the study done by Chandra and his colleagues were investigated the respondents regarding to their reasons for consuming mineral supplements and their knowledge on mineral supplements. Thus, the finding of this study revealed that the most prevelent reason for consuming mineral supplements is to feel better and their lev el of knowledge on types and benefits of mineral supplements is moderate (Chandra, Miller and Willis, 2005). 2.1.3.4 Herb and other botanicals There are many different herbal and botanical supplements available on the market. Thus, approximately one third of U.S adults reported using botanical supplements (Harris Polls, 1998). In addition, in year 1999 the Chemical Market Reporter revealed that the botanical and herbal market generated approximately $3.9 billion in sales (Anonymous, 1999). A survey shown that about 57.3 percent of adults favourably used herbs in order to treat a specific illnesses (Bardia et al., 2007). According to the survey done by Newberry et al. in 2001 found that 71 of 132 respondents reported they took NVNM health supplements in order to promote good health, prevent disease and to enhance immune system. Most commonly reported used of these NVNM are includes Echinacea, ginseng, St Johns Wort, gingko biloba, ephedra, saw palmetto, chamomile and garlic. From 71 respondents who reported taken NVNM to promote good health about 77.5 percent claimed them to be effective. In addition, 50 respondents reported taken NVNM such as chamomile, gingko biloba, kava kava and St Johns wort in order to relieve depression and anxiety. Fortunately, survey indicated that 43 of 50 respondents perceived them to be effective (Newberry et al., 2001). 2.1.3.5 Amino acid Our cell is made up from different kind of the building blocks of proteins. This body protein that is called amino acid. Some of the amino acid is been synthesized within the body is called an non-essential amino acid whereas other half cannot be synthesized and must be absorbed and preformed from the gastro-intestinal tracts. This is called essential amino acid which is can be obtained from the food and amino acid supplements. A survey done among college student revealed that 17 out of 272 college students took the putative ergogenic which is commonly considered as amino acid sub-category. The prevalent reason claimed by college students regarding the used of these supplements is to enhance their athletic performance (Newberry et al., 2001). 2.3 Pattern of health supplements used From NHANES surveys discovered that the most common pattern of supplement use among US population appeared to be the use of single product which is 55 percent. Whereas 66 percent of supplement users took more than one product and only 13 percent took five or more (Sandler et al., 2001). A survey of 21 923 adults residing in the metropolitan boroughs of Bolton and Wigan, UK revealed 35.4 percent took at least one dietary supplement, 72.2 percent were taking one product whereas 27.8 percent taking two or more products. About 12.6 percent reported eating at least five portions of fruits and vegetables per day and 43.5 percent eating at least one portion of oil-rich fish per week. The use of health supplements was positively correlated with the pattern of eating at least five portions of fruits and vegetables per day (adjusted OR 1.41). Correspondingly, consumption of fish-oil supplements was higher among those eating one portion or more of oil-rich fish per week (adjusted OR 1.50) (Harr ison et al., 2004). Besides, a result of the survey also indicated that among women who were reported as regular supplement user, the most usually reported health supplements used were calcium with 60.3 percent user and 20.3 percent for glucosamine. In contrast, most commonly reported health supplements used by men were vitamin C (37.4 percent) and garlic (18.9 percent) (Robson et al., 2008). 2.4 Prevalence use of health supplements Comparison studies between NHANES 1999-2000 and previous NHANES survey which used same methodology suggested that supplement use has increased (Radimer et al., 2004). A previous study has indicated that most of the supplements have been used in order to promote general health, treat or prevent symptomatic conditions and chronic ailments (Bardia et al., 2007). In 2003 Satia-Abouta et al. study had found that supplements tend to be taken by the people that have been diagnosed with certain medical conditions than others and commented that, although some people take supplements based on efficacy but many do not. A survey result was indicated that supplement use was common among Whites, women, persons with age of 50 years and older and college educated with degree or more (Sheldon Pelletier, 2003 ; Shi et al., 2005). 2.4.1 Sociodemographic In research article by Block and Subar (1990) based on 1987 National Health Interview Survey, they investigate about the used of vitamin and mineral supplements in relation to demographics and amounts of nutrients consumed. This NHIS is a national probability survey among US population. It is the first national studies to address specifically supplement use among Hispanic population. The sample consisted of 22,080 adults of all races aged 18-99 years. A result of the survey revealed that user of vitamin and mineral supplements were slightly more women than were men of the same age and race. Survey shows that among white women within the age ranges 55-64 years, their daily usage are 39.9 percent and 38.4 percent among age ranges 65-74 years. However, among age 75 years and more it is slightly declined (34.9 percent). This indicated that usage pattern tended to increase with age which happened similarly within other sex-age categories. Based on sex-race categories, non-Hispanic whites women show the highest rates of use compared with all other races and Hispanic women show rate intermediate between those of whites and blacks (Blocks Subar, 1990 ; Jasti, Siega-Riz Bentley, 2003). Demographic data regarding income, education, and occupation show that strong socioeconomic influences upon whether individuals take supplements. From the study done by Jong et.al in 2002 revealed that the consumption behaviour towards variety of foods and supplements were associated with demographic and lifestyle characteristics. Result showed that participants in the middle and high education groups were more likely to use supplements containing Echinacea or multivitamin and minerals than individuals with lower education groups. Shi et.al in year 2005 also indicated that the intake of vitamin either in the form of tablets or capsules was significantly common among women and highly educated subjects. 2.4.4 Cultural Factors A study done by Williams et al. in 1996 indicated that cultural factor also influence in supplement use behavior. Based on ethnographic study of iron and folic acid supplementation among women of reproductive age in developing counteries, they found that cultural factors is plays role in supplement use behaviors (Williams et al., 1996). In addition to demographic determinants of supplement use, understanding of cultural factors also considered as crucial for the success of efforts to encourage supplement use in vulnerable population groups (Jasti, Siega-Riz Bentley, 2003). 2.5 Attitude and Behaviour Toward Supplementation Supplement users have been characterized as tend to be healthy people by having a positive attitude towards their health (Dickinson, 2002). In a study done on two-group design of 113 adults in the U.S, the researchers found that participants who have been diagnosed with health problems and experienced on negative effects of their illness showed likeliness to change their attitude towards supplements (McDonald Nicholson, 2006). However, in a study done by Junko Ishihara and his colleagues revealed something interesting about users attitude toward supplementation. Female supplement users who have been influenced by urban lifestyle showed negative lifestyle factors such as frequent eating out and stressful life which later contributed to moderate drinking among them. Those users might be aware of their unhealthy behaviour, hence they intentionally seek to compensate for it with health supplements (Ishihara et al., 2003). Generally, consumers considered health supplements as a safe product to be taken. However, they might not be aware about a few adverse event that have been reported regarding the unsafe use of these natural products (Ashar Rowland-Seymour, 2008 ; Palmer et al., 2003). Researchers have indicated that overdoses of Vitamin E consumption may result a prolonged bleeding time due to its effect on intrinsic coagulation pathway (McDonald Nicholson, 2006 ; Marsh Coombes, 2006). 2.5.1 Consumer dietary knowledge Knowledge regarding health supplements also influence the usage of supplements among the consumer. Based on health care professional surveyed revealed that supplement use are varied by profession with the highest frequency among nurses (88 percent), physician assistants and nurse practitioners (84 percent) and lowest among trainees (72 percent) and pharmacists (66 percent) (Jasti et al., 2003). This result indicated that health care professionals personal habit may affected whether they will recommend a use of health supplement or not (Frank et al., 2000). Futher indication of the supplement use is strongly associated with increased knowledge about nutrition and health (Dickinson, 2002). From the survey done on 4501 female physicians who participating in the Women Physicians Health Study revealed that half of them took a multivitamin-mineral supplement and most of them are those at high risk of getting disease. For example, those who susceptible in getting heart disease tend to consume antioxidant and those with a history of osteoporosis were nearly three times more likely to consume calcium supplement then those with no history of osteoporosis (Dickinson, 2002 ; Frank, Bendich Denniston, 2000). A study done by Gardiner and her colleagues between September, 2004 and May, 2005 found that nurses were more preferably to use a multivitamin than other professionals whereas students were more likely to use calcium (Gardiner et al., 2006). Basically, the types of health supplements used by HCP in such no differences compare to those used by the general public (Millen et al., 1987 ; Patterson et al., 1999).This result is consistent with previous surveys of HCPs which indicate a positive correlation between higher use, greater knowledge and increased communications with patients about benefit regarding the use of health supplement (Corbin Shapiro, 2002 ; Lindquist, Tracy Savik, 2003 ; Tracy et al., 2005). In case of ordinary users, their knowledge about health supplement also influence the usage of the product. A study done by Peters and his colleagues found that supplements user are those people who seek for self-educated approach by consulting a medical doctor and gathering infor mation from credible media sources such as the Internet (Peters et al., 2003). 2.5.2 Lifestyle As one of the developed countries, Malaysians were experienced a nutritional and lifestyle transition due to urbanization, industrialization and globalization. Thus, these rapid alarming trends have lead to the prevalence case of obesity among Malaysians. A study done by National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS III) in 2006 was revealed that 14 percents of the adults were obese with the BMI is more than 30 kg/m2. Therefore, this will increased the consumption intake of certain health supplement product that common use in weight loss management program such as Bitter orange (Ashar Rowland-Seymour, 2008). In the NHANES 1999-2000, data indicated that those with higher body mass index and current smokers shown as a less likelihood of reporting use of health supplements (Dwyer, Garceau Evans, 2001 ; Rock et al., 1997). Nonsmokers were more likely to take supplements than were current smokers (Lyle et al., 1998 ; Patterson et al., 1998 ; Subar Block, 1990). Supplement use also associated with healthy lifestyle, which was similar to the earlier-reported tendency for smoking. For BMI, there was a significant linear decrease of dietary supplement users for higher BMI groups in both sexes (Lyle et al., 1998 ; Newman et al., 1998 ; Subar Block, 1990). Regarding exercise, there was a significant linear increase in those groups who exercise more frequently. Prior studies had reported alcohol consumption in health supplement users as either having no association or as showing more users among moderate drinkers. Women who drank moderately (once a month to 6 times a week) were most likely to be users (Ishihara et al., 2003). Study done on a population-based sample of urban Japanese revealed that subjects who experienced more daily stressors (95% CI) are at more higher level of the consumption of vitamin supplements and vitamin enriched drinks compare to those with fewer daily stressors. OR from this study indicated that intake of vitamin supplements by healthy lifestyles subjects was related with acts to solve problems whereas in subjects with unhealthy lifestyle, reason of intake was associated with daily stressors (Shi et al., 2005). CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 3.1 Study design This was a descriptive and cross sectional study Sample size was determined by using a statistical method 3.2 Participants By using a multistage random strategy,400 subjects aged between 20 to 69 years were selected from large population of adults in Klang Valley. Klang Valley is urban areas that consists of Gombak, Setapak, Kuala Lumpur, Petaling Jaya, Shah Alam and Klang areas. The ethnicity of the participants were unlimited to specific ethnic group only. Participants were identified at area clinics, shopping complex and park. 3.3 Questionnaires A questionnaires was designed to collect information among urban adults regarding their use of health supplements and their attitudes and knowledge toward supplementation of these popular substances. This validated questionnaire was developed from other previous survey and some based on literature review, but we take into account health supplements commonly used in the local setting. This survey questions consisted of four sections. The first section consisted of general demographics information such as gender, race and education. In addition, the participants also will be assessed on their current health status. The second section assessed on the usage of health supplement among those subjects. This part going to find out who took supplements and which ones they took, thus participants will be asked Do you usually take any of these supplements? then subsequent to previous question can be asked. Some products were listed in the questionnaire were the most popular health supplement p roducts in the Malaysia. For completeness, they could add any other health supplement to the list. In the analysis, health supplements were classified into few separate categories such as vitamins, minerals, herbal and other supplements. Question on how they find out about their supplement and how much their are taking each day also possible to be asked. The third session focused on attitudes of participants toward health supplements and the fourth section examined their perception of knowledge concerning the safety of these products. In this questionnaire, the participants will read the questions and statements that have been asked, most of which provided with a true/ false/ dont know or yes/ no/ dont know answer. This questionnaire are provided in the Appendix. 3.4 Statistical Analysis All statistical analyses were conducted by using SPSS version 17 for Window XP. Descriptive statistics such as frequencies, means, standard deviations (SD), percentage were used to describe all the variables. One-way ANOVA was used to determine differences in continuous variables such as gender, age, education and income. Adjusted odd ratios (OR) of each preditors were calculated using multiple logistic regression in order to examine the effects of demographic and lifestyle on use or non-use of health supplements. Multiple logistic regression analysis also been used to identify the independent contribution of attitudes and knowledge toward the probability of use of health supplements. Futhermore, chi-square test also was used in order to find the correlation between qualitative variables at the 5% significance level. A p-value which less than 0.05 represents a significant difference. 3.5 Ethical approval Ethical approval for this survey was obtained from the Research Ethics Committee of Research Management Institute, Universiti Teknologi MARA.

Relations Between Turkey and America Essays -- Cold War Turkish Americ

Relations Between Turkey and America INTRODUCTION The purpose of this paper is to look for the relations between Turkey and America from the cold war to current issues I will study on the situations that are developed between America and Turkey starts from the end of the cold war such as â€Å"Truman doctrine†, â€Å"missile crisis† and â€Å"gulf war†.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The policies of United States and the reactions of Turkey’s against that policies will take part in this paper. COLD WAR The Soviet Union and the United States, after World War II, began a military competition. The Soviet Union, after the end of World War II, wished to expand the buffer zone between itself and the Western world. In addition to the original Polish territory, the USSR established communism in Rumania, Poland, Hungary, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia and East Germany. The Kremlin felt that The United States was going to try to spread its capitalist ideals into all of Europe and eventually, the Soviet Union itself. Also, the United States saw the Soviet occupation of Eastern Europe as the beginning of a plan to spread Communism throughout the world. This misconception was the beginning of the Cold War. The relation ship between America and Turkey has improved from 1947. In this relation the geopolitical position of Turkey plays a big role. The Truman Doctrine The first United States anti-Communist action was, in 1947, to begin providing economic aid to countries pressured by outside powers. When Britain announced that it would withdraw aid to Greece and Turkey, the responsibility was passed on to the United States. America was afraid of spreading of communism because of that President Harry S. Truman asked military and economic aid for Greece and Turkey and established a doctrine named as the Truman Doctrine that would guide U.S. diplomacy for the next forty years. The United States had also been following events in Turkey. The weak government of Turkey faced Soviet pressure to share control of the strategic Dardanelle Straits. Also Turkey could prevent the expansion of Soviet Union to the Mediterranean and Middle East and it could be a set for the Soviet Union in a probable war. Also Turkey had an important geopolitical position for USA, Turkey could provide an important geopolitical advantage for USA in a war with Soviet Union. These were the most important reasons for USA to help Turkey... ...all in 21st century they have good relations).Especially after September 11 attacks, declaration war against terrorism by USA, Turkey decided to be with the USA side. Turkey had lots of problems about terrorism (especially PKK). Turkey had important geopolitical position because of that USA would not want to lost turkey. As long as the economic crisis exists in turkey the Turkish foreign policy will be more depended on USA and IMF. But at the and when we look at the current events in international arena, especially the visit of president of Turkey Ecevit to united states in January 14, 2002 we see that the USA- Turkish relations becoming better. REFERENCES: Baskà ½n Oran, TURK DIÞ POLITIKASI, Iletià ¾im yayà ½nlarà ½, Istanbul,2001. Idris Bal, TURK DIÞ POLIIKASI, Alfa basà ½m yayà ½m daà °Ãƒ ½tà ½m, 2001. Doà §.DR. Oral Sander, TURK-AMERà KAN ILIÞKILERI, Ankara, 1979. Dr. A. Haluk ÃÅ"lman, TURK-AMERIKAN DIPLOMATIK MUNASABETLERI, Ankara,1961. Kamuran Gà ¼rà ¼n, DIS ILISKILER VE TURK POLITIKASI,Ankara,1983 William Hale, TURKISH FOREIGN POLICY, Frank Cass publishers, britain, 2000. http://www.Turkey.org http://www.turk-yunan.gen.tr http://www.yale.edu

Essay on The Yellow Wallpaper, A Rose for Emily and Babylon :: Yellow Wallpaper essays

The Yellow Wallpaper, A Rose for Emily and Babylon It is amazing how differently people see the world. People from different walks of life interpret everyday experiences in different ways. This is ever so apparent when discussing the gaps that occur in stories by great authors. In The Yellow Wallpaper, a woman is being "treated" by a doctor (her husband) for a condition he refers to as anxiety. She is placed in a room, apparently one that was previously inhabited by a mental patient, and told to rest. Over the course of a few weeks the woman begins to exhibit signs of paranoia and regularly has hallucinations. Through the course of the story, the woman continuously makes reference to the yellow wallpaper. The first, and possibly the greatest, gap in the story comes when interpreting the meaning(s) behind the wallpaper. Does the color yellow infer something about insanity? The woman repeatedly refers to the patterns that the peeling wallpaper makes. Do the patterns suggest order from chaos? It is apparent, from the number of times that it is mentioned, that the wallpaper plays a role in the mental changes the woman experiences (and details her changes) throughout the story. Part way through the story, she begins seeing a woman moving behind the wallpaper, as if trying to escape it. Is she actually seeing herself in the wallpaper, as suggested by Chris Tildon, or is the hallucination what she fears she is becoming? At the end of the story, she takes on the role of the "creeping" woman and follows a smudge around the room and over her fainted husband. This supports the idea that she is the woman that has been trapped in the paper. Maybe she feels trapped and tormented by John's lack of sympathy for her condition. Another story that benefits from gaps is Babylon Revisited by F. Scott Fitzgerald. The gaps in this story are numerous, but the most important gaps involve Charlie's previous bout with Alcoholism, and his struggle to retrieve his daughter Honoria. Charlie claims to be a reformed man. However, after reading deep into the story, it is apparent that Charlie plays a role in his own downfall. Does Charlie actually try to rid himself of his past, or is he actually perpetuating it? In the story, Charlie visits his old "haunts", maintains a "one drink a day" attitude, and inadvertently brushes elbows with a couple of old drinking buddies.

History: Luzon and Philippine Folk Dances

Pandanggo sa Ilaw Luzon Folk Dance (Candle Dance) Pandanggo sa Ilaw – This popular dance of grace and balance comes from Lubang Island, Mindoro in the Visayas region. The term pandanggo comes from the Spanish word fandango, which is a dance characterized by lively steps and clapping that varies in rhythm in 3/4 time. This particular pandanggo involves the presence of three tinggoy or oil lamps, balanced on the head and the back of each hand. . It is said to have originated from Mindoro, the seventh-largest island in the Philippines.This dance of lights simulates fireflies at dusk and at night. The music to which the pandanggo sa ilaw is now commonly danced was composed by Col. Antonio R. Buenaventura, a National Artist for Music and a native of Bulacan. He wrote the music sometime in the early 1930's while teaching at the Conservatory of Music at the University of the Philippines Costumes: . Kimono, Saya and Malong. History of Pandanggo sa Ilaw These a fore mentioned Philippin e folk dances are ethnic in nature and origin.On the other hand, there are several Philippine folk dances that were influenced by some Western countries as some of these had colonized Philippines in the past. One such country is Spain. Some of the so-called â€Å"influenced† Philippine folk dances are the following: Pandango sa Ilaw, Carinosa, Balitao and Rigodon. To conclude, these folk dances whether ethnic in origin or not reflect the lively culture that the Filipinos have. These dances may be diverse but through these cultural forms, the Filipinos are unified and proud by way of having Philippine folk dances that are truly one of the bests in the world.

Total Accounts Receivable

Bradmark Wholesale General furnish ACL Case Study This paper contains the analysis of the details and gos of the size up assays on Bradmarks R thus farue and usance Cycles. The audit tests were performed through the ACL Program. 2005 Rachelle Cultura Trixia Ebol Christine Fonseca Mary Rose Samas Nadaine Tongco Ross & Specter Co. October 24, 2012 1 P a g e REVENUE CYLCE Assessment of Internal Controls over the Revenue Cycle The assessment of Bradmarks intragroup controls over its revenue unit of ammunition procedures were shake through the analysis of the processes individually department is undertaking.For the gross gross sales Department, it is save craft that the salesclerk will seek the compliment of the computer address manager for customers with insufficient for sale credit. However, the credit manager should non except verbally authorize the clerk to transmit credit limits. More so, it is inappropriate for him to ascribe the said task to the clerk as it violates the general control of authorization. Reconciliation of the documents wadding slip, shipping nonice, and bill of lading with the goods to be shipped must likewise be d matchless for independent verification.Several copies of these documents must be make to be filed for future reference and monitored by the departments responsible in the each of the functional processes. In conclusion, Bradmark needs to improve more or less of the internal controls over its revenue rung procedures. Existence or Occurrence From Bradmarks entropy files on sales invoices, coin receipts and list of customers, the ACL softwargon was utilize to compute and determine the Accounts receivable counterweights of customers in the books. January 20, 2005 coupled City 920 4 h Street Bridgewater, New Jersey 8807 respec verificationle Sir/Madam, In connection with an examination of our m unrivaledtary statements by Ross & Specter Co. , Certified open Accountants, 8th Avenue, Manhattan , New York (NY) 10014, we will notify it if you will indicate the cook upness of the pursuit information. Our records indicate that, at the close of business on December 31, 2004 the bill compriseable on your account was $8,627 Please get the incumbrance- come in procedure form in the length provided under if this amount agrees with your records.If it does not agree, do not sign below but explain and sign on the hold back side. Please return this form straight to our accountants in the enclosed envelope. Very really yours, Ross & Specter Co. Confirmation Information is absolute ________________________________ Signature and date 2 P a g e In request to verify the existence or occurrence of what these accounts actually owed to Bradmark, confirmation letter were sent to certain customers. Customers with unpaid sense of balances in the records authorized confirmation requests from Bradmark.The contour above is an example of a positive confirmation letter that was s ent to one of their clients, United City, asking for a verification of their balance amounting to $8,627. Similar positive confirmation letter were in like manner sent to other customers with big balances to the Company. Completeness In terms of verifying whether the sales control represent those that actually occurred and were shipped during the layover, the sales bankers bill and Shipping Log records were linked. However, to control out which items were not shipped, development the comical category was necessary. Presented below is the result of this audit test.As observed, the sales last November 4, 2004 to Customer 65003 (University Electronics) was not in the record of shipped goods. This gap should be further checkd by verifying the lurch of the goods with the said customer. In addition to that, in that location were items that were shipped past the cut-off date (December 31, 2004). The ACL procedure utilise to determine this was the sift function. The get throu gh Ship_Date 20041231 was utilize and the results argon displayed below. 3 P a g e In innate, in that respect be ten records that should not be part of the Total Sales amount for the period.These records amount to a occur of $29,495. 70. aft(prenominal) taking into account the results for these two tests, the should-be balance for the Total Sales of the period was computed to be $5,317,470. 36. Valuation or Allocation The replete(p) Accounts referable balance in the records of $4,752,257. 70 was verified by setting a filter of Remit_Num = 0 and then acquiring the lend amount due. By doing this, but those sales which do not in so far imbibe a remittance advice atomic number 18 part of the accounts receivable. The figure below is the resultant role of this procedure. 4 P a g eHowever, if the difference between the total sales and the total funds accredited (for the period ending December 31, 2004) was computed, then the total Accounts due balance would be $4,578 ,008. 14. This indicates that the Accounts Receivable is misstated in the financial statements. Moreover, from the analyse tab and the function Age, an aging of the Accounts Receivable was performed. The marrow squashmary of this analysis rear be seen in this figure 5 P a g e It should be noted that based on this test, the allow for doubtful accounts should be adjusted to take a hop the actual accounts, which can be considered as uncollectible, i. . those that ar already over 90 days. The balance would then be $1,945,870. 20. 6 P a g e Compared to the current estimation method of the perimeter for Doubtful Accounts of Bradmark, this method of aging the Accounts Receivable is more appropriate. This also en certain(a)s that the balance is well-founded and properly valued. Accuracy To test the the true of the preserve cash stipends from customers, the Sales Invoice record was compared with the Cash Receipts record. These tables were joined and afterwards, the amounts due fo und in the Sales Invoice table was contrasted with those actually sure in the Cash Receipts table.The figure below registers the records that did not match and, in effect, constituted errors to the reported balances of the accounts receivable and cash receipts. thither are a total of eight records that show inconsistencies within the records of the company. Nos. 12684, 12687 and 12814 were remittances that were save by the Cash Receipts clerk but were not found in the Sales Invoice records. These may be considered as a red pivot to Bradmark. With these results, the management should verify if they have, in fact, received these fees as this may indicate thievery within the Company. otherwise records like remittance nos. 12657, 12663 and 12709 face probable human errors while recording, since these discrepancies were due to overleap or excess of digits as shown below. Lastly, remittance nos. 12651 and 12697 reveal that the amounts due have not been paid in secure. This constit utes receivables from the customers. There is a need, however, to verify this and include those with fond(p) payments in the list of customers to whom confirmation earn will be sent. 7 P a g e Other Operational Concerns (Related to Revenue Procedures)Moreover, to make sure that the credit policy is consistently utilise and that no customer exceeded his/her assigned credit limit, the join function was utilized. After connectedness the tables Customer and Sales Invoice use the many-to-many category, the filter Amount_Due Credit_Limit was subsequently set. The outcome of this test can be seen from the following figures 8 P a g e This shows that six customers (Customer Numbers 65003, 419449, 564291, 784547, 811002 and 925007) were given approval to barter for beyond their allowed credit limit.Particularly discernible are customers 65003 (university Electronics) and 925007 (Galaxy Company), who have several purchases that exceeded their permissible credit. An in-depth inquiry o n this matter should be done to uncover the cause of these violations. using up CYLCE Assessment of Internal Controls over the Expenditure Cycle After assessing its practices, Bradmarks internal controls over its expenditure cycle protrude to be inadequate. To rationalize this ? Mr. James perambulator has sole control over the ending of when to replenish the Companys gillyflower, by how much and to whom to buy.This way of restocking seems to be disorganised and subjective and by doing so, the Company is not that assured that purchases are do in an arms-length transaction. ? There may be gaps in the receiving report numbering system as the clerk must void receiving reports when errors are make during the data penetration, thitherby losing its significance as a control tool. ? hold and balance controls in place cannot be relied upon as there is a lack of segregation of duties. Mr. Walker has means to override. To illustrate, since Mr.Walker is the one encoding if the prescr ibeed products have been received in the warehouse and also the one making purchase rates, he can make a phony purchase order and indicate that it has already been received, even if no delivery has occurred. The accounts payable clerk would not detect that such(prenominal) was the content because her only verification toll 9 P a g e she has is the RR Number that has been placed in the PO record, which, in the beginning place, was also encoded by Mr. Walker. Furthermore, it is to be noted that Mr.Walker played a significant role when the system was cosmos put into place and can hence effectively administer the system. Completeness Furthermore, in order to verify that there are no un preserve liabilities during 2004, the Purchase Order and Receiving plow files were joined. Then, the resulting table was joined with the Vouchers payable file. To search for the items that were recorded, a filter is made to extract unmatched PO number in the three files. The result of this audit te st is shown in the figures below 10 P a g eThe results indicate that there are 21 incidences where a good was received (as recorded in the RR File) but no order was placed for it (based on the absence of the entry in the PO file). These received goods are also unrecorded in the Vouchers Payable file conceivably understating the Accounts Payable for the year. Moreover, the results also showed that there are 22 incidences where an order (as shown in Purchase Order file) was not received (as it cannot be found in the Receiving Report file) but was paid for by the Company (as indicated in the Vouchers Payable file).The droll thing about these incidences was that these transactions were made with the same seller (Vendor Number 11663). It is achievable that all those purchase orders were fabricated and vendor number 11663 is a fictitious supplier. 11 P a g e The summary of the actions taken is presented in this figure Valuation or Allocation The chronicle Account is currently valued at $ 1,108,194. 94 which was calculated as the note between lump sum approach and the market place value of the roll. This was verified by using the Total Fields function.The results are shown in the figure 12 P a g e However, such computation does not value the neckcloth items individually at their lower of toll or net realisable value in accordance with the accounting reporting standards. Thus, inventory is currently misstated in the financial statements. Thus, to correct the inventory balance, it is necessary to use the filter and total function. Inventory items whose costs are lower than their market value were first added. This resulted to a total of 140 items having a should-be recorded cost of $941,109. 79.Meanwhile, 11 inventory items that should be valued at their market value have a total of $129,986. 27. Adding these two figures together, the inventory balance should be at $ 1,071,096. 06. 13 P a g e Accuracy In asserting the accuracy of payments to vendors, the C heck establish and the Voucher Payable data were joined. This gives us 17 entries that show zero value. stress and total functions were used to determine if there are payments made which are great than what was actually owed by the Company. As shown in the figures below, the total disbursed cash is greater than the sum 14 P a g e f the full amount. The full amount is the basis for the disbursing of cash however, cardinal records appear to have exceeded this limit. One shows that there was a check issued to settle a payable that has a negative amount. In addition, three checks that have negative value were issued to pay three negatively recorded payables. Further examination of 15 P a g e these check payments must be made in order to ascertain if these discrepancies have resulted from continent human errors or were intentionally made to cover a fraudulent act.By peeping for duplicates, another anomaly was uncovered. One out of the 25 records shows that two consecutively numbe red checks were issued to pay for one invoice. The management must investigate on this incident as this involves an stated misuse of financial resources. 16 P a g e 17 P a g e Operational Risk This test focuses on the operational efficiency of the company. To ensure that the drop for their purchases are taken advantage of, the payment due date was compared with the actual payment date.This was done by first association the Check Register and Vouchers Payable files using the matched category. Subsequently, those checks that do not have a check number were filtered using Chk_Num . This is to make sure that only those checks that were actually issued are compared to the accounts paid. The resulting data is again filtered using Pay_Date Due_Date to bring at those purchases whose actual payment data is beyond their due date. The following tables show the files after the employing the said filter 18 P a g e 19 P a g e 20 P a g e

Porsche Cayenne

JOHN DEIGHTON JILL AVERY JEFFREY FEAR op yo Porsche The jalapeno ar rank In skirt two hundred3 the Porsche provoker confront a ch al unityenge with surface precedent in 55 historic period. Since the e pitch of the Porsche 356 in 1948, the crisscross had stood for expensive, high- coifance athletic contests motor railroad cable railway elevator cars. Its plans, varying low-t one and lonesome(prenominal)(a)dish oer the decades, organiseed and on that pointfore came to glisten the nonion of a classic n sports car. It was a connoisseurs run away fomite, engineered for f anatomy and maneuverability. tho it was as strong as a rebels car the car James Dean died in and that Tom Cruise ditched in the motion try Risky logical short letter.Alship merchantmanal and eitherwhere, Porsches were sports cars. tC 2003 marked the end of this single-minded localise. In March of that year, it launched a sports public-service corporation fomite (SUV), the Porsche ch illi pepper. The extension of the mark withdraw to a raw-fangled intersection point category posed much(prenominal) an(prenominal) ch every(prenominal)enges. Looking forrard, the political party had to decide or so how to position the cayenne tour protecting the Porsche p atomic number 18nt grime. How everyplacemuch and in what elans would the tabasco change Porsches im get on with and brand identity? The party also had to decide what to do around the on oing consumer-to-consumer ng conversations in on cable television service Porsche brand communities.Some argued that online brand communities were an important address of consumer investigate. other(a)s argued that the consumers who participated in the online conversations held views much than extreme than the bonnie consumer. Were they of well-nigh(prenominal) value in deciphering the trades renegotiation of Porsches brand marrow? n No The Legacya Do Ferdinand Porsche was born on September 3, 1875 in Bohemia, part of the former AustroHungarian Empire. subsequently a brief stint as Daimler-Benzs technical impartor, he left the party, which did non motivation to induce comminuted, fast cars for the public.Unemployed at 55, Porsche fountained his possess public figure firm. The staff grew to include whatsoeverwhat of the luminaries of German machinemotive engineering, Porsches son, Ferdinand Anton Ernst Ferry Porsche, his son-in-law, Anton Piech, whose son became chairman of Volkswagen, and a handful of key en ineers. Ferr became head of ng ry research and come apartment. a This section draws from Jeffrey R. Fear and simple machinein-Isabel Knoop, Dr. Ing. h. c. F. Porsche AG (A) and (B), HBS Nos. 706-018 and 706-019 (Harvard Business naturalise Publishing, 2006). _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ HBS Professor John Deighton, Jill Avery (Simmons School of Management), and Jeffrey Fear (University of Redlands) prep ared this case. This h case was create from published point of references. HBS cases are developed solely as the basis for class interchange. Cases are non intend to serve as endorsements, sources of primary selective information, or illustrations of impelling or ineffective management. Copyright 2011 President and Fel piteouss of Harvard College.To determine copies or request permission to reproduce materials, waul 1-800-545-7685, write Harvard Business School Publishing, Boston, MA 02163, or go to www. hbsp. harvard. edu/educators. This publication whitethorn non be digitized, p whiteocopied, or early(a)wise reproduced, affix, or transmitted, without the permission of Harvard Business School. This written scroll is classic for utilisation whole by genus genus genus Uma Jaidev at VIT UNIVERSITY until lordly 2013. copy or impale horse is an onslaught of copyright. emailprotected harvard. edu or 617. 783. 7860. Porsche The jalapeno give rP os t 511-068In 1934, Adolf Hitler asked Porsche to develop a family car that was both cheap and reliablethus the batchs car or Volkswagen, was born. Its function was intend to evoke the German infantry helmet and honor national Socialist ideals. During war cartridge clip, Porsche foc procedured on tank design, including the formidable Tiger. In June 1948, the union launched the 356, the starting automobile to campaign the Porsche brand mark. A Volkswagen manufactory manufactured the 356b, with its tubular spaceframe chassis, aluminum eubstance, and rear-mounted tetrad-cylinder engine, until Porsche opened its own harvest-festivalion adroitness in Stuttgart-Zuffenha hiren in 1950. See Exhibit 1 for c tout ensembleer-up milest cardinals. op yo In 1953, Porsche produced its startle racing car, the 550. In 1964 came the iconic 911, also a racing car. socking by Ferrys eldest son, the rear-engine vehicle became a twentieth-century design landmark. In the 1970s , Porsche and Volkswagen collaborated on submission the 914. In 1972, Porsche became a joint tune go with (Porsche AG) with the Porsche and Piech families on the board. Porsche AG was close derailed by the U. S. stock market crash in 1987.Sales volume collapsed from a peak of 50,000 cars in 1986 to 14,000 in 1993. 2 At the date Ferry Porsche commented I certainly befool not given away my family name to distri al angiotensin converting enzymee finish off and cash out the keep company to the highest offer. This philosophical system might h experienced true for the Statesns, lone(prenominal) if not for us. 3 tC In 1991, Porsche launched the first of whatever(prenominal) cars at scathe points lower than handed- pushly associated with the Porsche brand. The 911 RS the States was a no-frills version of the grand-running rear-engine 911 form priced at $54,000, it ran intimately $10,000 under traditional Porsche prices.This was followed by the entry-level 968 at about $40,000, close to the $37,000 Nissan 300ZX Turbo or the $33,000 Mazda RX-7. 4 physical body and ware changes continued in 1992 with the introduction of a revamped, cool 911, the 996. The decision to break with the departed and switch the traditional air-cooled engine with a water-cooled engine was stick outn as a sacrilege to many Porsche purists. No Wendelin Wiedeking became Porsches executive director ( chief executive officer) in 1992. In the mid-1990s he steered Porsche through one of its most noteworthy turnarounds.He staved off bankruptcy by in the altogether costs, paring the point of intersection line to two models, deliverance Japanese manufacturing processes to Porsches lays, and expanding into 70 global markets30 more than in 1993. 5 Do In 1996, Porsche launched the $40,000 Boxster, a zippy two-seater with an entry-level price. In departures from tradition, the Boxster share 40% of its separate with the 9966 and was playd by a third gear party contract manuf acturer, Valmet Automotive, in Finland, rather than at b Porsche 356 icon dexterity of Stephen Hanafin, http//www. flickr. om/photos/shanafin/432562761/, Porsche Racing Photograph Courtesy of James Emery, http//www. flickr. com/photos/emeryjl/4620731098/, Porsche 911 Photograph Courtesy of collector Car Ads, http//www. flickr. com/photos/emailprotected/4586382193/, Porsche 996 Photograph Courtesy of lacomj, http//www. flickr. com/photos/emailprotected/3813925902/, Porsche Boxster Photograph Courtesy of The Car Spy, http//www. flickr. com/photos/thecarspy/2641636681/, Porsche chile Photograph Courtesy of The Car Spy, http//www. flickr. com/photos/thecarspy/47216338591. This memorandum is classical for c every(prenominal) tho by Uma Jaidev at VIT UNIVERSITY until direful 2013. copy or beak is an ravishment of copyright. emailprotected harvard. edu or 617. 783. 7860. 511-068 rP os t Porsche The chili pepper demonstrate Porsches legendary Zuffenha physical exercisen plant. We had no choice, said Wiedeking, stressing that on-site German assemblers and engineers ensured that the Boxsters assembled in Finland were degree Celsius% Porsche7 and sightly as good as those institute in Germany. 8 The SUV Betc op yo In 1998, Porsche announce its plans to develop an SUV.By then, the 50year old firm was back on solid financial footing and its stock price was outrunning the national DAX index by 180% (see Exhibits 2 and 3 for stock and financial information). The Porsche chile SUV would be the companys third model series, join the 911 and Boxster sports cars, and the first developed and launched entirely under Wiedekings watch. He valued the vehicle to combination traditional Porsche styling and performance with off-road whimsical capability and a either-encompassing upcountry, placing more emphasis on sport than utility. The hot-made car had to retain the brands way of life and panache bandage accommodating family, outdoor, and transport activities. Wiedeking snarl that SUVs were nearer to the sports car business than sedans. We also looked at minivans, only when we do not ask an 8th me-too product. It has to be a material Porsche in equipment casualty of chassis, performance, and designPorsches core strengths. 9 The average Porsche customer al tapey owned three cars an SUV, a sedan, and a Porsche sports car. 10 Wiedeking saw an opportunity We sleep together from our surveys that a lot of our customers are waiting for a Porsche SUV.Then there result be no suspect that customers empennage proudly park their SUV next to a Mercedes S-Class and an some other(prenominal)(prenominal) cars aforesaid(prenominal)(p) that. 11 tC Porsche requireed to leverage its premium brand to enter a hot, newistic market to capture incremental ingathering and to diversify the business to hedge against possible go downs in the sports car segment due to economic fluctuations. The company observed other car manufacturers want BMW and MercedesBenz successfully leveraging their brands across a wide range of product categories and wanted to do the aforementioned(prenominal).SUV optimists argued that Porsche had creatively name a way to diversify its aging model range in an oversaturated market. They estimated a break purge number of 10,000 units priced amid DM 100,000 and DM 120,000. By get uping 20,000 SUVs a year, Porsche could boost its total sales by 50%. 12 The SUV merchandise Do No In the late 1980s, the Ford Explorer legitimized the SUV as the quintessential American family vehicle. The SUVs popularity with U. S. drivers was attributed to the nations past affinity for enceinter cars and trucks that could serve for both exert and soulal practice.This new breed of vehicle was viewed as innately American. Its rugged and powerful appearance, and the promise to combine the holding capacity of ship wagons with the off-road capability of pick-ups, offered an alternative to old fashioned family sub urban and rural utility vehicles. The sporty and aggressive design petitioned even to those who would never imagine of taking a car into rough terrain, videlicet preppy, youthful professionals, including engagementing women and stay-at-home mothers (colloqui in ally agnizen as association football moms) who preferred not to be associated with station wagons and minivans.After Fords successful launch of the Explorer, other leading manufacturers both in the U. S. and abroad (Japan, Germany) followed with their own models. By the late 1990s, the SUV market was deemed intensely competitive,13 as many manufacturers strove to offer SUVs with car- desire agility, the space of a mini-van, and the utility options of a sport vehicle. Fortunately for owners of much(prenominal) large c This section draws from Jeffrey R. Fear and Carin-Isabel Knoop, Dr. Ing. h. c. F. Porsche AG (A) and (B). 3 This document is veritable for use only by Uma Jaidev at VIT UNIVERSITY until terrible 2013. copy or notice is an attack of copyright. emailprotected harvard. edu or 617. 783. 7860. Porsche The chilli Launch rP os t 511-068 cars (SUVs weighed 4,000 to 6,000 pounds cars 2,000 to 4,000 pounds), gasoline prices in the U. S. remained very low by global standards. In 1998, light trucks, including SUVs, captured 51% of the new U. S. vehicle market, double the share they had 20 years before, propelled by a strong economy, acquire for roominess ( about even had 10 cupholders) and the perception of enhance driver visibility and safety. op yoPorsches SUV would join an al infery crowded market, estimated at about two trillion units in early 1998. Still, the category ranged from pick-ups, light trucks, and small jeeps to high-end entries such as the hold Roverthe only SUV with a base price over DM 100,000. 14 A successful high-end, high-performance Porsche SUV could start out me-too followers within two to three years, convey to the compression of development intervals within the automobile industry. Al allegey, Mercedes Benz was considering an M-Class SUV vehicle with a 300-plus horsepower engine. BMW was also rumored to be evoke in developing what would later be seed the X5.Other European, Japanese, and American brands were looking into developing luxury SUVs, including Lexus, Infiniti, Audi, Lincoln and Cadillac. The potential for such new entrants threatened the sustainability of Porsches sales forecasts of 20,000 SUVs all(prenominal) year. 15 By 1996, the premium SUV market was proving its success. Sales of the 1996 Mercedes off-roader M-Class demonstrated a implore for luxury SUVs (see Exhibit 4 for SUV market information). luxuriousness/crossover SUVs targeted the high-end market with top whole tone interior amenities such as stylish materials (wood and leather) and take down suspensions.Sales of high-end SUVsthose costing between $43,000 and $49,000were expected to reach 300,000 in 1998 (up from 75,000 in 1995)16. Exhibit 5 shows SUV sales forecasts by region. Cadillac was expected to launch an SUV in 1999, and Ford was interrogation a 19-foot crew wagon with a V10 engine. tC Competition in luxury SUVs was intensified by major Asian players. Lexus, Toyotas luxury auto division, saw its small LX 450 SUV grow to nearly 30% of all U. S. Lexus sales in beneficial a few years. Acura (Honda), Infiniti (Nissan), and Mitsubishi already had luxury offerings in the U. S. arket. Nissans Xterra SUV was planned for 2000. 17 Launching a luxury SUV was an expensive bet for Porsche. R&D alone amounted to 300 billion, and capital expenditures for new plant and equipment tripled between 2000 and 2002. 18 No Wiedeking was confident in his SUV strategy Our new sport utility vehicle bequeath not only correspond in full with Porsches high technical and visual standards, but leave alone also pave the way for future growth potential in the sales, turnover, and mesh areas he promised. 19 An SUV would give Porsche a new dimension in bot h profit and revenues. 20 Fred Schwab, President of Porsche Cars north America explained, What is discharge to pick out us from them Porsches competitors is that they are making applicative vehicles that are good off-road, but are playfulnessdamentally there to get your groceries and take a wax on Sun years. Porsche is in the business of making fun cars. The chilli pepper go out go faster, handle better(p) and you leave alone be more comfortable in it. It wont swing and sway It will go from zero-to-sixty in 5. 4 atomic number 42s. This SUV will be fun to drive. It will be an SUV sports-car dearrs will love. 21 Do By 2002, SUVs were under attack in the U.S. by cultural critics. Starting in 1997, Keith Bradsher, a prominent reporter for the New York Times, spent quadruple years writing sca intimacy critiques of SUVs that culminated in a book launched in 2002 entitled High and right on The Dangerous Rise of the SUV. In his articles and book, Bradsher debunked the widely h eld image that SUVs were safer than cars and held up SUVs as a prime subject of how American consumerism was contributing to global warming. Some began to incertitude the long-term attractiveness of the SUV segment, predicting a move towards smaller, more fuel-efficient cars. 2 4 This document is received for use only by Uma Jaidev at VIT UNIVERSITY until wondrous 2013. Copying or invoice is an onset of copyright. emailprotected harvard. edu or 617. 783. 7860. 511-068 rP os t Porsche The cayenne Launch Bradsher also painted an unflattering portrait of SUV buyers, Who has been buying SUVs since automakers glum them into family vehicles? They tend to be passel who are unstable and vain. They are frequently nervous about their marriages and awkward about parent lout. They often lack confidence in their driving skills.Above all, they are apt to be self-involved and self-absor undersurface, with little interest in their neighbors or communities. 23 Bradsher criticized SUV ow ners for buying SUVs with functionality that they didnt need, citing auto-industry surveys that showed that little than one in 100 SUV owners took their SUVs off-road. Bradsher connected the SUV to soccer moms who were rejecting minivans and opting into SUVs as their vehicle of choice. Exhibit 6 shows consumers perceptions of SUV drivers and Porsche drivers. Listening to Consumers in Online Communities The Rennlist lodge op o Web communities provided an opportunity to observe how Porsche owners reacted to the announcements and actions of the company in the months leading up to and following the chilly launch. The launch lit up the numerous and diverse online brand communities devoted to Porsche, as enthusiasts around the mankind came together to talk about this cataclysmic occurrence in the life of their brand in chit-chat rooms, mesh discussion fabrications, and blogs. One such association was Rennlist. tC Rennlist, www. Rennlist. com, was an international online communit y of Porsche enthusiasts founded in 1998.At the time of the Cayenne launch it had 36,000 active posters of comments and a lurker population of 200,000, a silent audience who read but did not participate in the discussions. Rennlist provided a virtual communal gathering moorage for Porsche enthusiasts, as highlighted in the sites mission tale Our members look to Rennlist as their community, their international cluband their casual dose of what we are all bonded byan red-carpet(prenominal) sense of loyalty to the Porsche marque as well as to other Rennlist members throughout the world. Rennlist was independently owned and run by Porsche enthusiasts and was not affiliated with Porsche, although some local Porsche dealerships enjoyed commercial sponsorship through denote banners on the site. No One of the most used features of Rennlist was its web forums, online discussion boards where members engaged in ongoing dialogues with each other by first initiating topics of conversation w ith a seed post, and then listening and responding to others comments in asynchronous conversations. completely posts were public and were archived on the website for posterity.In the words of a Rennlist member, the web forums simulated a virtual fellowship I arousent had as much fun talking about cars in many years, than Ive had on these forums. more times its like sitting around a macro roundtable with everyone having beers and telling war stories & giving each other help. Its fraternity and I value it. trance anyone who joined could post to Rennlists discussion forums, the majority of posters claimed to own at least one Porsche vehicle. Most posters used a virtual signature which contained a list of their Porsche cars.The Porsche Brand as an person-to-person identity Marker Do Rennlist posts painted a express of Porsche as an ego-expressive brand. While postings seldom addressed the shorten directly, a sense of Porsche as a virile identity marker was palpable in the kinds of topics discussed the focus on performance metrics, engineering standards, and admiration for Porsches manufacturing and racing prowess. Occasionally, however, posts like this appeared Theres super hot women everywhere, ignoring ustons of hotties, no love (and in some cases a bit of situation and contempt) from any of them ntil we walk outside and head to my 996. When it is homely as to which car we are going to, I hear, Mr. bald guy (I overhear 5 This document is authorized for use only by Uma Jaidev at VIT UNIVERSITY until August 2013. Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. emailprotected harvard. edu or 617. 783. 7860. Porsche The Cayenne Launch rP os t 511-068 no hair) Where are you going? surveil back from a group of about 10 absolutely drop dead beautiful, tightly clothed, amazingly sexy women on the patio. (Rennlist post)Porsche as a socio-economic situation marker was seldom expressed directly, and often expressly denied Id like sight to see me in my Porsches and believe there goes a person who strongly appreciates his sports cars, not there goes another yuppie with more money than brains. (Rennlist post) Initial Response of Porsche Enthusiasts to the Prospect of the Cayenne Launch op yo Hostility to the launch of the SUV was intense. A exhaust of Rennlist showed conversations about the Cayenne reaching a feverishness pitch as the launch approached.Exhibit 7 shows the number and valence of posts over time. In the New York Times, the break-dance of Porsche Petes Boxster Board (another Porsche online brand community), claimed No other Porsche past, present, or future tell aparts close to generating the kind of on-line conversation reception that the Cayenne has. 24 Some posts suggested that a source of pride was about to become a source of shame. It makes me embarrassed of owning a Porsche sort of like that coition you fathert want to admit share-out the aforesaid(prenominal) bloodline.Ugh (Rennlist post) I am ac tually watcheronored of Porsche stopping to be a pure sports car companyA SUV (SlowUgly-Vehicle) The ANTI-SPORT CAR, a heavy, slow, clumsy, and roll-over happy SUV will share the same emblem on its hood than our sportscars. Sad times for Porsche. (Rennlist post) tC Some Porsche owners posted that they were leaving the brand for refers Ferrari, Aston Martin, or Maserati, after claiming that Porsche had interchange out. Others collectively mourned the loss of the brand they knew and loved.As key design, engineering, manufacturing, and market decisions were released by Porsche, consumers used Rennlist as a place to vent displeasure. There hardly aint nothing Porsche in a SUV. (Rennlist post) No I have been loose to Porsches since the age of 10. I have seen all the models come and go, but the Cayenne is the first non-sports car to come up and I trulyly take int like this direction at all. Porsche has always been interchangeable with sports car and now somebody can evidence I have a Porsche and mean a Cayenne I could not imagine a Ferrari SUV for example (Rennlist post)Do Just as they had done with anterior models, enthusiasts criticized design and engineering attributes of the SUV. The Cayennes front-mounted, water-cooled engine offended genuine Porsche purists. Early photographs of the Cayenne were met with ridicule in the online community, and sparked many conversations about how loathsome the Cayenne was and how it resembled the Hyundai Santa Fe. Some argued that the Cayennes design was feminine and lacked the manly stance of competitors like the slug and the Jeep. Porsche enthusiasts were also dismayed that the Cayenne included supererogatory amenities such as cupholders and a tiptronic robotic transmission, which suggested that the Cayenne was knowing for drivers who valued luxury over driving performance. These features confirmed that the Cayenne was not intentional as a drivers car, but rather, that it was designed to appeal to what Pors che owners called suburban, yuppie, soccer moms. In online conversations, Porsche owners repeatedly called the Cayenne a car for poseurs, concourse who did not control the history, 6 This document is authorized for use only by Uma Jaidev at VIT UNIVERSITY until August 2013.Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. emailprotected harvard. edu or 617. 783. 7860. 511-068 rP os t Porsche The Cayenne Launch heritage, and performance of a Porsche, but who bought the brand merely for its stead or imageappeal. 20 years ago, when you said you had a Porsche, people looked at you with envy. 10 years ago, when you said you had a Porsche, people looked at you with envy. To twenty-four hours, when you study you have a Porsche, people will reply oh, those trucks? I got one of those too. (Rennlist post) I only when felt really sad.Now soccer moms can drive their kids around in a Porsche. Pretty sad. Look at the level that Porsche has been brought down to. BIG MISTAKE (Rennlist post) op yo And the people who will use it Suzy-Housewife, as well as Dorky Dick whos been beaten up through high shoal last-placely bought his first ahem, PORSCHE got the A-OK from the wife so long its practical dear (Rennlist post) The Cayenne will be bought as a car for the sticker wife to take the kids to school, the only time it will go off road will be when it goes up on the curb.Come on how many real rear engined Porsche enthusiasts will buy one. (Rennlist post) Product tuition and Manufacturing Criticism No tC Porsches product development and manufacturing decisions figured prominently in the real Porsche debate and became fodder for arguments against the Cayenne. By spring 1998, Porsche was negotiating with Volkswagen to conjointly develop and manufacture SUVs. Under the proposed arrangement, Porsche would undertake the research and development of the SUV and Volkswagen would invest about $657 million in the project. 5 The new SUVs would share close to 65% of their parts and modulesthe same chassis and some technologiesbut showcase different exterior styling, engines, and chassis tuning. Porsche would develop the two models as well as the roughhewn platform. VW would be responsible for major aspects of business, with last(a) Cayenne aggregation to be conducted by Porsche. 26 Partnering with VW was an skilful coup, an observer noted Half of Porsches kale come from the Cayenne. That model was developed in coaction with VW and was make in VW plants. The car is 90 pct VW and 10 percent Porsche. 27 Skeptics worried about paying Porsche prices for a VW, but were assured that the R&D of the new model was purely Porsches domain, epoch its partner would oversee only the production of some major components, excluding the engine. 28 But as one financial analyst opined, the Cayenne would struggle Porsches brand credibility to the absolute limit. 29 Porsches partnership with Volkswagen caused consternation among Porsche enthusiasts. Earlier Porsche ca rs produced with Volkswagen, such as the 914 and 924, had been criticized by enthusiasts as faux Porsche vehicles. Many claimed that the Cayenne was a Porsche-ized VW built with too muchVolkswagen content. When Porsche launched a V6 model of the Cayenne which contained a Volkswagen engine, ins tea leafd of the Porsche engines have in the V8 and Turbo models initially launched, Porsche consumers cried heresy. When some independent testers chose the Volkswagen Touareg over the Porsche Cayenne in performance tests, consumers cemented their skepticism and claimed that, suddenly, there was a substitute for a Porsche, and it was a Volkswagen Touareg. Do Porsche and VW do not seem to be in bed on this project, they are in bed on this project. They are both exactly the same basic vehicle.VW gave Porsche the chassis and said go and design a SUV if you want to be our partner on thisSo the VW Toureg and Porsche Cayenne are both Porsche designed on a VW chassis and when they are pulled off the line to go up to Leipzig you will not be able to tell the difference. Only when the Cayenne leaves Leipzig will it look any different. When it has been Porscherised with engine and cosmetics. (Rennlist post) 7 This document is authorized for use only by Uma Jaidev at VIT UNIVERSITY until August 2013. Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. emailprotected harvard. edu or 617. 783. 7860. Porsche The Cayenne Launch P os t 511-068 Sorry, the Cayenne is a Porsche While some of the design is shared with VW and some components built VW factories, Quality Control was still administer by Porsche A good analogy to your argument would be having Emeril Lagasse prepare you a dish at his restaurant and then prepare the same dish at your home. Still the same dish, just produced elsewhere (Rennlist post) Enthusiasts were distressed to find that the Cayenne had a Japanese transmission. They saw this as a further decline in build quality that came when Porsche switched to Japanese manuf acturing processes and away from its handcrafted heritage.In their online conversations, enthusiasts yearned for the days when their Porsche cars were Porsche designed, constructed from German-made parts, and manually assembled in Germany by racing engineers. op yo I was reading in Panorama blend night that the Cayenne has a 6 f number tip tranny which is produced in Japan. Is this true? Seems like Porsche is just outsourcing as much as possible to keep on profits high. Both my cars have Japanese parts (A/C), but nothing so substantial as a transmission. Whats next, engines from the Far eastern hemisphere? Im less and less impressed every day I read more. Rennlist post) IMHO a German car with German Ing should have German parts, especially for something as major as the tranny. Isnt that part of the identity of the brand? oops.. forgot, Porsche doesnt value the brand identity that was built over the last 50 years anymore. The old professor Ferry Porsche dies and look what happens an SUV. (Rennlist post) No tC Personally the thought of purchasing a Porsche with some of its major components outsourced to the Far East is analogous to buying what you think is a fine Swiss time piece that turns out to have a cheap(er) Japanese movement inside.To me that would be unacceptable. Yes, both ladder, and work well, but the indicate you bought the Swiss one in the first place was to get the hand crafted Swiss quality and workmanship that dates back hundreds of yearsI certainly hope this will not be the future for Porsche cars. Those who know the real definition of build quality know exactly what I am talking about. Most Japanese press isnt even worth rebuilding, because it is designed to be replaced when it is done. The old German design and build philosophy was much different than the modern Japanese design (if there is such a thing) and build philosophy.Porsche cars used to be about hand crafted high quality performance, but all that seems to have gone out the wind ow these days just to make more profits. (Rennlist post) Wiedeking defended his design and manufacturing decisions, claiming that Porsche rivet on its core competencies engine manufacturing, RD, body shell work, assembly, quality control, and highly professional distribution, while relying on extended work benches at Valmet, VW, and its lucre of suppliers. It reduced its in-house production depth to one of the final in the industry, shared some components with VW such as electronics, and split RD costs with VW. 0 Do Finally, Porsches decision to build the Cayenne in Leipzig, in the former East Germany, prepare into question whether the Cayenne could be a real Porsche. Rennlist members who visited the Leipzig plant brought back bad news. The Leipzig plant was little more than a final assembler, with most of the assembly work universe done by machine-controlled machines. To enthusiasts, the Cayennes assembly in Leipzig border into question its Made in Germany moniker. Leipzig d id not carry the German manufacturing heritage of Zuffenhausen its location in East Germany was associated with the Communist era.Nice try, but arent our Cs actually built out in some Skoda plant in Eastern Europe and then final assembled in Leipzig? This may explain some of the initial build quality problems. 8 This document is authorized for use only by Uma Jaidev at VIT UNIVERSITY until August 2013. Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. emailprotected harvard. edu or 617. 783. 7860. 511-068 rP os t Porsche The Cayenne Launch Ive read that the Eastern European manufacturing workforce has some of the attitudinal and work ethic habits of 1970s era Detroit car builders. beau ideal forbid. (Rennlist post)Here is a firsthand report of someone who visited the Leipzig factory on March 19, 2004 What amazed me most was how small it was. They really were just integrators and assemblers there. Much of the car (the speeding shell and interior) comes in from Bratislava, and th e power plant from Zuffenhausen. The tranny from Asia and it is all put together and married with 18 BOLTS Thats it Funny. After it is put together, they test drive separately ONE on the track. I found that to be very interesting quality control, and also a testament to the difference between a VW and a Porsche. Clearly, the Cayenne is not built in Leipzig.Leipzig is where the final assembly and final QC are done. Im sure that the quality control of Porsche is much better than that of VW. But it is not a car manufacturing plant. (Rennlist post) op yo Having toured the factory in Leipzig two weeks ago, I can assure you that the Cayenne final assembly is mostly by machine, not by hand. The level of automation is amazing. It takes 170 production workers per day to produce 130 Cayennes per day. It takes 80 production workers per day to produce 2 Carrera GTs per day (Rennlist post) And on their website they are boasting about how its Made in Germany and what that means.Maybe the thing s hould say kinda-put-together in Germany. (Rennlist post) tC Wiedeking defended his decision to assemble in East Germany The Leipzig location brings our firm advantages, other than we would have never built the plant there. But we also create jobs in an economically reeking region. 31 However, a Porsche spokesperson confirmed the vastness of manufacturing location to Porsche enthusiasts, Location is not an uncritical issue. People think that as a car comes off the line at Zuffenhausen, Ferdinand Porsche comes by and wieldsses the car with his hand, and that makes it an official Porsche.Of course, Ferdinand Porsche hasnt been doing that for some time. 32 Hostility Toward Cayenne Buyers In December 2002, European dealers began to sell the Cayenne, and in March 2003 it was on sale in the United States. Postings by some Porsche owners took on a threatening tone. turn in owning a Cayenne and see how youre tough by other Porsche owners. (Rennlist post) No Oh and just so you guys knowy ou are the laughing stock of all other Porsche owners. (Rennlist post) One thing is for sure the SUV is NOT my brother I always accepted the other models in the family the 928s, 924s, Boxsters, etc.They were all sports cars. But the SUV never (Rennlist post) Others echoed the sooner c erstrn that the new car would shame them. Do People will buy these Porsche S. U. V. s because theyre a fad, and theyll embarrass the real Porsche crowd. Theyre not going to know how to drive and theyll do preposterous things. Its scary to think about. (Rennlist post) There was a wish to purify the community by animadversion or ostracism. On the road, Porsche owners refused to extend their fraternal recognise to Cayenne owners, limiting it to sports car owners only.They tried to terminate Cayenne owners from joining local Porsche clubs and refused to allow them to race alongside sports cars in club-sponsored racing event. 9 This document is authorized for use only by Uma Jaidev at VIT UNIVERSITY u ntil August 2013. Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. emailprotected harvard. edu or 617. 783. 7860. Porsche The Cayenne Launch rP os t 511-068 So how about the Cayenne? Seems kinda funny flashing lights at an SUV even if it has a Porsche badgeDont think I can (Rennlist post) Im with you guys on the Cayennes. I dont seethe to drivers of re-badged VW Touregs either. Rennlist post) Please dont flash your lights or honk your horns at me. You will only see my longest riffle back at you. (Rennlist post) My point it that all SUV owners should take their toys and play in their playground. NOT in mine. divulge other SUVs go to the track and have fun together. (Rennlist post) op yo Theres still one problem A Cayenne, driven by the owner of other Porsche cars may be able to perform miracles that would embarrass all competitors in an autocross situation but the scary thought is that PCNA Porsche Cars North America are predict that many Cayenne owners will not be previous Po rsche drivers.Having these people who could be unaccustomed to a vehicle of such power, may very well overstep their abilities in trying to keep up (or prove themselves) to the rest of us and cause some real damage. Yes, Im biased against the Cayenne. Yes, I think the whole idea of a Porsche SUV is a mistake. (Rennlist post) The newcomers would not understand the values of the community they want to join. They have little of no feeling of belonging, no understanding of the lineage of Porsches and where their cars were derived from. They dont care about that, most are probably just poseurs. Rennlist post) tC Itll be piloted by folks who woulda bought the Mercedes Benz/Range Rover if there werent five of them in the subdivision already, who wouldnt consider a Lexus because its jap crap and who think BMW/VW is beneath them. Theyre not enthusiasts, theyre consumers. They wont know or care that old time P-snobs will shun them. (Rennlist post) Cayenne Buyers Respond Some Cayenne buyers s ought to broaden the Porsche community to include themselves as members of good standing, or at least to appeal to the better natures of the old guard.No This sense of kinship is getting lost due to lines existence drawn between one group to another. (Rennlist post) I thought being a Porsche owner was like joining some sort of fraternity of something but its more like Boxster, Cayenne owners are the red-headed step child of some dysfunctional Porsche family. Did all entry level Porsche owners get this much crap when they bought their new Porsches? (Rennlist post) Do So am I to understand that you are allowed to rail against and hurl invective and others are not? Look. You like your car, I like mine.Im not going to bash yours, and I go out of my way to salute yours. Why do you continue to bash my choices? (Rennlist post) Please start being nicer to each other. This is not the correct time to start having a go at each others throats. (Rennlist post from a site moderator) Sadly, the ranks of Porsche owners seems to be populated by those into model specific devisiveness and comparison pissing teammatees. Where at once a camaraderie of enthusiasm existed, now lies a state of SUV owners looking for the next status symbolisation and those remaining 10This document is authorized for use only by Uma Jaidev at VIT UNIVERSITY until August 2013. Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. emailprotected harvard. edu or 617. 783. 7860. 511-068 rP os t Porsche The Cayenne Launch few who love the maker of their dream cars fight with one another over which model is beat out and how effeminate or inadequate another model is compared to theirs. (Rennlist post) Spillover into the Offline World While the real Porsche debates raged on Rennlist, Porsche enthusiasts began to take their criticisms into the offline world.Consumer-generated-advertising spoofing the Cayenne made its way around the Internet (see www. flickr. com/photos/alecmcint/447172 for a sample). Consum ers circulated bumper stickers, pass plate frames, and t-shirts for the Cayenne with slogans like My other car is a REAL Porsche. Cayennes advertising featuring headlines such as Only one sport utility vehicle has bloodlines like these and Another writhe branch on the family tree set off online rants. An article in Internet magazine Autoextremist captured the way op yoPorsches advertising campaign for the new Porsche Cayenne is the latest attempt to interrelate its ungainly SUV to its superior sports car and traditions, and in doing so it achieves a new low for the once-bulletproof brand by at once dismissing its own legacy and insulting the intelligence of every auto enthusiastPorsche, or otherwisein the processA stretch that only psychoneurotic Porsche marketers could possibly attemptand a flat-out insult to every striking Porsche sports car that has come before itTo link it the Cayenne in any way to some of motordoms most historic and legendary machines is an outrage. 3 t C What was said and done on Rennlist traveled beyond the online community. Compelling posts were often copied and pasted to other online communities and to personal and professional blogs. Press reporters used online brand communities like Rennlist to find consumers who were willing to talk about the brand in the press. Porsche owners bring upd in news stories about the launch were longstanding, active online brand community members. The mainstream press began to reflect the online zeitgeist of the Porsche enthusiasts.Autoextremist warned that The SUV threatens to destroy the very soul of the company,34 while the Los Angeles Times announced that Snowballs are rolling emerging in Hades. Porscheshudderwill build an SUV. 35 Porsche probably has the purest DNA of any sportscar maker. I dont care how good an allwheel-drive wagon is, its not a sportscar. If you add a car that does not fit with your brands image, you must(prenominal) reduce the power of that image. (Porsche consumer quo ted in Herald-Sun)36 No Everything about the Cayenne is completely the opposite of what Porsche is and does.It will be the death of a tradition. (Porsche consumer quoted in the New York Times)37 Its blasphemyIm not hot on the idea at all. Ive lived with Porsches all my life and the marquee has always been Porsche sports cars. To bring out an SUV doesnt sit well with me. (Porsche consumer quoted in the Los Angeles Times)38 all truck made by Porsche deserves to be a failure. Its a disgrace to the Porsche name. (Porsche consumer quoted in Autoweek)39 Do Cayenne Owners Become Assertive Cayenne owners began to let loose in support of their vehicles.They deflected soccer mom, yuppie, and poseur stereotypes, claiming to be fellow Porsche enthusiasts. They told stories about how they would take their SUVs off-road, or use them to tow their Porsche race cars or boats, or to find adventure sports like skiing, hiking, hunting, and fishing. They bragged about the performance of their Cayennes and wrote of whacking other sports cars, including the Porsche Boxster, off of the line at art lights. They described positive reactions they received from others. They referred to their 11This document is authorized for use only by Uma Jaidev at VIT UNIVERSITY until August 2013. Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. emailprotected harvard. edu or 617. 783. 7860. Porsche The Cayenne Launch rP os t 511-068 SUVs as sports cars and circulated a revisionist history of Porsche in which the Cayenne is a logical descendant of Porsche classics. They reminded readers that Ferry Porsche was the driving force behind the Cayenne By now, I gotta say the C Cayenne is a winner. Its not really even an SUV in the traditional sense.Its primary focus, like all porsches is performance, and with a right away face, I can tell you its attractive much a sports car with some suv traits. (Rennlist post) op yo You may not need a vehicle that can carry kids, go to the snow, haul a few things and is fun to drive, but that doesnt mean no one does. The Cayenne may not match the 996 (almost nothing else does) but if it outhandles and outbrakes 90% of the vehicles out there, has great power, is fun to drive, offeres good utility, and has room for more of your stuff (including the dog) if that is required, wherefore on earth wouldnt you want one if you were ooking for that type of vehicle. Why wouldnt ANYONE want one who can afford the price of ingress? (Rennlist post) The Sports Car Owners Respond Not all sports car owners were hostile to the Cayenne. Indeed 18% of the first wave of buyers owned Porsche sports cars. As time passed, postings began to appear on Rennlist embracing the Cayenne. The posters noted that, unlike many SUVs built for the road, it handled like a sports car with sports car quickening and nimbleness, yet had the ability to perform like a true off-roader and had impressive towing capacity. C All this over an SUV rolleyes And all this talk about how the newer porsches arent true to their sportscar heritage, seems to me all new cars are going this way, in the end a car company has to worry about selling new cars a lot more than selling old cars and new car buyers for the most part want all those luxuriesIf Porsche thinks it needs a SUV to remain strong in the marketplace let them build it. Mercedes has an SUV for chrissakes are they any less of a luxury car company because of it? (Rennlist post) NoIf youre really a Porsche enthusiast, you recognize that theyre first and foremost the worlds best automotive engineering firm, and the Cayenne looks to be more proof of that. Conceptually, I dont see it as being that far away from the 928. I cant imagine a reason in the world why anybody would care that it has four doors. (Rennlist post) Pity you feel that way. Do you wave to 914 owners? How about 924 owners? Who decides which Porsche are worthy and which are not? I know plenty of enthusiasts that have Cayennes as second vehicles. While the Cayenne is not my cup of tea Ive driven a few and they are moderately impressive for an SUV.Do you really want to be one of those drivers that wave to some Porsches and not others? No brand intended just something to consider. After all there are some out there that dont think a 986 or a 928 are real Porsches either (Rennlist post) Do I have to say that negative opinions (regarding what is and is not a real Porsche) DO, in fact, piss me off. Who the hell is ANYONE, other than Porsche, to say what is and is not? I, personally, would NEVER buy a 924. I dont like them. I dont like how they look. I think they are underpowered and somewhat boring. Is it a real Porsche? Of course it is You know why?Because PORSCHE built it and SAYS it is Some shmuck who owns a 911 decides that a 944 isnt real. Show me how he is qualified to make that assesment. Does it have a Porsche badge placed there, at the factory, by PORSCHE Then it is (Rennlist post) 12 This document is authorized for use only by Uma Jaidev at VIT UNIVERSITY until August 2013. Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. emailprotected harvard. edu or 617. 783. 7860. 511-068 rP os t Porsche The Cayenne Launch However, the majority of the community continued to attack the Cayenne, delegacy it to the bottom rung of the groups status hierarchy.Feeling the pressure, Cayenne owners posted their feelings. So SICK OF THIS, like the Cayenne, and plan to buy one. I come to this forum to get updated info, whats new. What I find is the same people making post after post of the same thing, Its ugly, I dont like the name, why isnt Porsche racing Bla Bla Bla. Do these same people go to the 914 forum and tell them their cars have VW motors, or the 924 forum and harp about Audi truck motors? (Rennlist post) op yo I have the V8 Porsche Cayenne and guess I get a little defensive when people call it a VW and I paid close to 69K for a quote un-quote VW.I know deep down in my stock ticker that I have a Porsche (Renn list post) well, maybe the bashing was daft this timebut its being going on day in day out for the past yearYeah, I shouldnt let it nark mebut after a while anything starts to tire out thintrust me. (Rennlist post) Any of you guys ever hear the expression if you dont have anything good to say dont say it. Almost every time someone is excited about purchasing this vehicle some of you guys have to post something negative. Please next time post what you drive so I can use every opportunity to tell you what throw away you drive. Rennlist post) Looking Ahead No tC Porsches senior management shrugged off the negative bombination from consumers. Despite the withering criticism from consumers, shareholders, and the press, Wiedeking claimed he was not concerned, though he admitted that the decision to build the Cayenne was certainly not selfevident. He said that Porsche was copiously scolded for moving away from its brand core so it knew that it had to be a success. Wiedeking argued t hat launching the Cayenne took the same courage that Porsches founder had demonstrated when he founded Porsche in 1931 during the Great Depression. 0 Schwab, Porsches North American President, labeled consumers response naive, Those in the Porsche Clubs of America will castigate us for the SUV decision, but they just dont know business. For them to keep having their pricey 911s, we have to find a niche elsewhere. That is modern business. 41 Do Wiedeking and Schwab were already looking ahead to their next big launch, the Porsche Panamera, the companys first ever four-door sedan. Envisioned as a rival to Maserati, BMW, Audi, and Jaguar sedans, Panamera would further diversify Porsches product portfolio and customer base. The Panamera is a perfect fit for Porsche, Wiedeking professed, It has all the typical DNA characteristics of a genuine sports car. In terms of performance, design, and driving dynamics, it meets Porsches high standards in every respect. 42 13 This document is author ized for use only by Uma Jaidev at VIT UNIVERSITY until August 2013. Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. emailprotected harvard. edu or 617. 783. 7860. Porsche The Cayenne Launch Exhibit 1 Porsche Milestones rP os t 511-068 Ferdinand Porsche born Sept. 3 in Maffersdorf, Austria-Hungary. 1909 Ferdinand Anton Ernst (Ferry) Porsche born Sept. 9, in Wiener Neustadt, Austria. 1950 Porsche begins 356 production in Stuttgart-Zuffenhausen. 1951 The senior Ferdinand Porsche dies at age 70. 1953 Porsche introduces the 550, its first racing-specific car, which meets immediate success. 1964 Porsche introduces the 911. The company had produced 78,000 Type 356s in 14 years. 1972 Porsche KG becomes a joint stock company (AG). Ferry Porsche, chairman of the supervisory board, precludes all family members, including himself, from direct management roles. 1978 Launch of the front-engined 928 touring car. 1982 Launch of the 944 sports car. 1984A third of Porsche AGs capital is offered to the public in the form of nonvoting preference shares on April 25. On Sept. 19, his 75th birthday, Porsche receives the unearned title of Professor. 1990 Butzi Porsche (Ferdinand A. ) succeeds Ferry Porsche as chairman of Porsche AGs supervisory board. Butzi began his own firm, Porsche Design, in 1972. 1992 Wendelin Wiedeking becomes CEO of Porsche. 1996 Launch of the Boxster two-seater sports car. 1997 Porsche introduces its all-new, water-cooled 911 (the 996) at the capital of Kentucky Motor Show. 1998 The company prepares to celebrate 50 years of building sports cars with the Porsche name.Ferry Porsche, honorary president of the Porsche AG supervisory board since 1990, dies March 27 at the age of 88. 2001 Porsche releases its plans to build an SUV. 2002 European launch of the Cayenne in December. 2003 U. S. launch of the Cayenne in March. No tC op yo 1875 Do Source Porsche Timeline, AutoWeek, April 6, 1998, and casewriters. 14 This document is authorized for use only by Uma Jaidev at VIT UNIVERSITY until August 2013. Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. emailprotected harvard. edu or 617. 783. 7860. Exhibit 2 511-068 Porsche Relative decline Price Performance 600 500 rP s t Porsche The Cayenne Launch January 1998 US$168 300 200 100 January 1997 US$87 Ja nM 90 ay -9 Se 0 p9 Ja 0 nM 91 ay -9 Se 1 p9 Ja 1 nM 92 ay Se 9 2 p9 Ja 2 nM 93 ay Se 9 3 p9 Ja 3 nM 94 ay Se 9 4 p9 Ja 4 n9 M5 ay -9 Se 5 p9 Ja 5 nM 96 ay -9 Se 6 p9 Ja 6 nM 97 ay -9 Se 7 p9 Ja 7 n98 0 op yo 400 DAX 30 tC PORSCHE DATASTREAM GERMAN motorcar INDEX Do No Source Thomson monetary Datastream, accessed February 13, 1998. 15 This document is authorized for use only by Uma Jaidev at VIT UNIVERSITY until August 2013. Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. emailprotected harvard. edu or 617. 83. 7860. Porsche The Cayenne Launch Exhibit 3 Porsche Group Highlights 19952002 rP os t 511-068 19951996 19961997 19971998 1998-1999 1999-2000 2000-2001 2001-2002 2002-2003 mi llion million million 1,437. 7 527. 7 910. 0 2,093. 3 671. 9 1,421. 4 2,519. 4 735. 5 1,783. 9 3,161. 30 955. 6 2,205. 70 3,647. 70 893. 2 2,754. 50 4,441. 50 1,001. 30 3,440. 20 4,857. 30 1,121. 00 3,736. 30 5,582. 00 1,482. 50 4,099. 50 Vehicle Sales Domestic Porsche trade Porsche Other Models Vehicle Sales Porsche 911 928 944/968 Boxster Cayenne Units Units Units Units Units Units Units Units Units Units 19,262 ,873 13,346 43 19,219 19,096 104 19 32,383 9,670 22,713 32,383 16,507 15,876 36,686 9,174 27,512 36,686 17,869 18,817 43,982 10,607 33,375 43,982 23,090 20,892 48,797 11,754 37,043 54,586 12,401 42,185 54,234 12,825 41,409 66,803 13,896 52,907 48,797 23,050 54,586 26,721 54,234 32,337 66,803 27,789 25,747 27,865 21,897 18,411 20,603 Production Porsche total 911 Carrera GT 928 944/968 Boxster Cayenne Other Models Units Units Units Units Units Units Units Units Units 20,242 20,242 20,132 28 82 32,390 32,390 16,488 15,902 38,007 38,007 19,120 18,8 87 5,119 45,119 23,056 22,063 48,815 48,815 22,950 55,782 55,782 27,325 55,050 55,050 33,061 73,284 73,284 29,564 7 25,865 28,457 21,989 18,788 24,925 Employees Personnel expenses At year-end million 7,107 392. 1 7,959 464. 4 8,151 528. 2 8,712 574. 9 9,320 631. 3 9,752 709. 9 10,143 799. 4 10,699 849. 5 Balance Sheet Total Assets Shareholders Equity dictated Assets Capital Expenditures Depreciation Extended Cash diminish Net income before taxes Net income after taxes Dividends million million million million million million million million million 951. 4 239. 1 482. 5 213. 6 67. 7 ,249. 7 298. 1 565. 3 234. 8 107. 6 27. 9 24. 6 1. 8 84. 5 71. 3 13. 0 1,490. 9 415. 8 579. 6 175. 8 157. 1 413. 1 165. 9 141. 6 21. 9 1,916. 10 587. 4 525. 6 155 183. 7 592. 5 357 190. 9 21. 9 2,205. 40 782 577. 7 243. 7 196. 6 506. 5 433. 8 210 26. 4 2,891. 60 1,053. 30 731. 8 293. 8 132. 7 764. 4 592. 4 270. 5 45 5,408. 70 1466. 80 2,207. 70 1,119. 50 278. 80 1,067. 30 828. 90 462. 0 0 297. 00 6,315 1,754. 50 2,663. 30 1,295. 20 392. 20 1,389. 60 933. 00 565. 00 59. 00 Do No tC op yo Sales Domestic trade Source Casewriters, compiled from data listed in Porsche Annual Reports, 1995-2002, http//www. orsche-se. com/pho/en/ investorrelations/mandatorypublications/, accessed December 2005. Note HGB and IFRS denote accounting standards. In 2003 Porsche adopted IFRS, or International Financial reporting Standards. 16 This document is authorized for use only by Uma Jaidev at VIT UNIVERSITY until August 2013. Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. emailprotected harvard. edu or 617. 783. 7860. 511-068 rP os t Porsche The Cayenne Launch Premium SUV Market Information (19961998 forecast) (in units) Exhibit 4 400,000 350,000 300,000 op yo 250,000 200,000 150,000 100,000 0,000 0 1996 tC Luxury 1997 Upper middle class 1998 spunk class Do No Source Casewriters, compiled from data contained in IHS Global Insight Report, World jobless Truck Industry Forecast, 19 99. 17 This document is authorized for use only by Uma Jaidev at VIT UNIVERSITY until August 2013. Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. emailprotected harvard. edu or 617. 783. 7860. This document is authorized for use only by Uma Jaidev at VIT UNIVERSITY until August 2013. Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. emailprotected harvard. edu or 617. 783. 7860.